四川经济欠发达地区围产期抑郁症状检出率及影响因素
Perinatal Depression Symptom Detection Rate and Influencing Factors in Economically Underdeveloped Areas of Sichuan
Corresponding authors: SHI Qi, E-mail:adastone1975@163.com
Received: 2024-01-3
目的: 调查四川经济欠发达地区围产期女性不同时期抑郁症状发生情况及影响因素。方法: 选取2022年10月—2023年9月于自贡市和南充市4所医疗机构建卡产检或住院的孕产妇。收集患者人口学及临床资料,利用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)进行抑郁筛查,采用Logistic回归分析围产期5个时期[妊娠早期(<14周)、妊娠中期(14~27+6周)、妊娠晚期(≥28周)、产后1周和产后6周]抑郁症状发生的影响因素。结果: 共纳入3 696例孕产妇,围产期5个时期抑郁症状检出率波动在26.39%~35.38%。Logistic回归分析显示,不同围产期抑郁症状的危险因素有所不同,妊娠早期为非计划妊娠、有家族精神病史、妊娠前1年持续2周情绪低落及末次月经期间情绪低落或紧张;妊娠中期为有家族精神病史、现居农村、妊娠前1年持续2周及末次月经期间情绪低落或紧张;妊娠晚期为有家族高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤史、妊娠前1年持续2周情绪低落或紧张及末次月经期间情绪紧张;产后1周为有家族精神病、高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤史、妊娠前1年持续2周情绪低落及末次月经期间情绪紧张;产后6周为初产妇、现居农村、有家族精神病史和妊娠前1年持续2周情绪紧张。结论: 南充及自贡地区围产期抑郁症状检出率整体处于较高水平,建议围产保健者从妊娠早期启动抑郁筛查,重点关注不同时期存在危险因素的孕产妇,必要时重复筛查,对围产期抑郁症(perinatal depression,PND)隐患人群给予及时的心理访谈和专科治疗,减少母婴不良事件的发生。
关键词:
Objective: To investigate the occurrence of depressive symptoms and influence factors among perinatal women at different stages in economically underdeveloped areas of Sichuan province, China. Methods: Pregnant women receiving prenatal care or hospitalized for delivery at four medical institutions in Zigong and Nanchong cities from October 2022 to September 2023 were selected. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was utilized for depression screening. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors influencing depression symptoms during five perinatal periods [early pregnancy (<14 weeks), mid-pregnancy (14-27+6 weeks), late pregnancy (≥28 weeks), 1 week postpartum, and 6 weeks postpartum]. Results: A total of 3 696 pregnant women were included, with depression symptom detection rates ranging from 26.39% to 35.38% during the five perinatal periods. Logistic regression analysis revealed different risk factors for depressive symptoms among different perinatal periods. Risk factors included unplanned pregnancy, family history of psychiatric illness, experiencing 2 weeks of depressed mood in the year before pregnancy, and experiencing low mood or anxiety during the last menstrual period in early period of pregnancy; family history of psychiatric illness, current rural residence, experiencing 2 weeks of low mood or anxiety in the year before pregnancy, and experiencing low mood or anxiety during the last menstrual period in mid-pregnancy; family history of hypertension, diabetes, or cancer, experiencing 2 weeks of low mood or anxiety in the year before pregnancy, and experiencing anxiety during the last menstrual period in late pregnancy; family history of psychiatric illness, hypertension, diabetes, or cancer, experiencing 2 weeks of low mood in the year before pregnancy, and experiencing anxiety during the last menstrual period in the first week postpartum; being a primipara, current rural residence, family history of psychiatric illness, and experiencing 2 weeks of anxiety in the year before pregnancy in the sixth week postpartum. Conclusions: The detection rate of depressive symptoms among perinatal women in Nanchong and Zigong areas is relatively high level. It is recommended that perinatal health care providers initiate depression screening from early stage of pregnancy, focus on pregnant women with risk factors at different stages, repeat screening when if necessary, provide timely psychological interviews and specialized treatment to individuals at risk of hidden perinatal depression, and reduce the occurrence of adverse maternal and infant events.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
黄玥, 谭欣林, 袁玉红, 张强, 任郁, 宾冬梅, 漆洪波, 石琪.
HUANG Yue, TAN Xin-lin, YUAN Yu-hong, ZHANG Qiang, REN Yu, BIN Dong-mei, QI Hong-bo, SHI Qi.
妊娠及分娩是女性生活中的重大事件,受激素波动和分娩引起的生理改变、家庭社会压力以及可能出现的妊娠相关疾病和胎儿异常情况,都可能造成孕产妇在这段时期的情绪异常[1]。围产期抑郁症(perinatal depression,PND),又称孕产期抑郁症,是于妊娠期或产后1年内出现的抑郁症状发作[2],包括产前抑郁症(prenatal depression)和产后抑郁症(postpartum depression)[3]。其中产后6周为重度抑郁症的高发期[4]。PND主要表现为情绪时而悲伤低落,时而焦躁易怒,起伏不定,易疲乏、丧失兴趣、注意力难以集中等不良状态,甚至出现自残、自杀等行为[5],此类表现是诊断PND的重要依据。除了增加孕妇早产、流产风险并发生妊娠相关疾病的风险[6],PND还可能导致低出生体质量儿[7]、胎儿神经系统发育障碍以及子代认知、情绪行为、语言运动的异常,该影响甚至会延续至青春期[8]。
1 对象与方法
1.1 研究对象
南充市和自贡市2023年上半年城市国家生产总值(GDP)分别在四川排行第5和第11位[10],按照城市划分标准被划分为三级和五级城市,本研究收集两区域内4家医疗机构数据,其中川北医学院附属医院作为川东北地区(南充、遂宁、广安、达州、巴中)唯一省级危重孕产妇救治中心,其收集的数据还包括上述各区域危重转诊的孕产妇数据,当然这些区域也处于经济欠发达地区。选取2022年10月—2023年9月于川北医学院附属医院、南充市妇幼保健计划生育服务中心、仪陇县妇幼保健院及自贡市妇幼保健院建卡产检或住院的孕产妇作为研究对象。纳入标准:①知情同意,自愿填写筛查量表者;②意识清楚,并具有一定的认知理解能力,有能力完成自评量表的填写者;③现住址为自贡市、南充市两地各区县人群。排除标准:①现患有精神类障碍或疾病者;②生命体征不平稳或患有严重躯体疾病,无法完成量表填写者;③拒绝参加研究,拒绝配合量表填写者;④一般资料缺失者;⑤已接受心理疏导、治疗等干预者。本研究已获得医院伦理委员会批准(编号:2022ER267-1)。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 研究工具
①一般资料:通过各机构孕妇建档或入院时完善的基础信息收集,包括年龄、民族、身高、妊娠前体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、孕次、产次、是否在职、文化程度、家族精神病、高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤病史和现居住地等基线资料,利用各医院系统后台数据导出方式收集。②一般心理问题:妊娠前1年持续2周低落或紧张情绪,末次月经期间低落或紧张情绪。③爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale,EPDS):由Cox等于1987年开发用于检测产后抑郁症,后被验证同样适用于产前抑郁症[11],其题量较少,易于评分计算,节省时间,易被孕产妇所接受,是目前应用最广泛的PND筛查工具之一。共计10个条目,每个条目有0~3分4级评分,总分30分[12],中文译制版EPDS在中国内地的最佳临界值为9.5分[13],本研究中Cronbach's α系数为0.76。
1.2.2 调查方法
采用电子问卷调查法,由经统一培训的专业调查员在4家机构门诊部及住院部筛选符合条件的孕产妇,告知其研究目的,并指导其在孕产妇心理健康测评程序上签署知情同意书。于安静环境中,专业调查人员指导下,线上独立完成一般心理问题及EPDS的填写。随后调查员当场核查内容质量及真实性,筛查过程中保护患者隐私。分别调查妊娠早期(<14周)、妊娠中期(14~27+6周)、妊娠晚期(≥28周)、产后1周和产后6周5个时期的抑郁症状的发生情况及影响因素。
1.3 统计学方法
采用Excel和SPSS 26.0软件进行数据整理和分析。本研究变量均设为分类变量,使用频数和百分比描述各时期抑郁症状检出情况,以EPDS评分9.5分作为临界值,将各时期研究对象划分为无抑郁症状者和有抑郁症状者,组间比较采用卡方检验。通过多因素Logistic回归分析围产期发生抑郁症状的影响因素,在进行Logistic回归之前,在每个回归模型内部对纳入的所有自变量进行共线性诊断,容忍度(Tol)小于0.1或方差膨胀因子(VIF)大于10,则表示有共线性存在。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 围产期抑郁症状检出情况
本研究共纳入3 696例孕产妇作为研究对象,调查显示1 279例(34.6%)患者在至少1个时期有抑郁症状。妊娠早期、妊娠中期、妊娠晚期、产后1周及产后6周抑郁症状检出率分别为26.39%、30.19%、29.89%、27.01%和35.38%。其中产前妊娠中期检出率最高,产后6周检出率最高。见表1。
表1 不同时期抑郁症状检出情况 [例(%)]
时期 | 总数 | 无抑郁症状者 | 有抑郁症状者 | 检出率(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
妊娠早期 | 1 565 | 1 152 | 413 | 26.39 |
妊娠中期 | 838 | 585 | 253 | 30.19 |
妊娠晚期 | 1 395 | 978 | 417 | 29.89 |
产后1周 | 633 | 452 | 181 | 27.01 |
产后6周 | 537 | 347 | 190 | 35.38 |
注:共有1 210例患者参与了1个以上时期的调查。
2.2 不同时期各指标抑郁症状检出率比较
各时期孕产妇不同的年龄、BMI、民族、在职比例和孕次的抑郁症状检出率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。各时期是否有家族精神病史、妊娠前1年是否持续2周情绪低落或紧张和末次月经期间是否情绪紧张者的抑郁症状检出率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。各妊娠期及产后1周是否有末次月经期间情绪低落者的抑郁症状检出率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。此外,妊娠早期是否计划妊娠者,妊娠中期不同婚姻状态和现居住地者,妊娠晚期和产后1周是否有家族高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤史者,产后6周是否计划妊娠及不同文化程度、现居住地、产次者抑郁症状检出率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。见表2。
表2 不同时期各指标抑郁症状检出率比较 [例(%)]
指标 | 妊娠早期 | 妊娠中期 | 妊娠晚期 | 产后1周 | 产后6周 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 抑郁症状 检出率 | n | 抑郁症状 检出率 | n | 抑郁症状 检出率 | n | 抑郁症状 检出率 | n | 抑郁症状 检出率 | |
年龄(岁) | ||||||||||
<35 | 1 403 | 371(26.4) | 735 | 218(29.7) | 1 224 | 375(30.6) | 540 | 159(29.4) | 457 | 161(35.2) |
≥35 | 162 | 162(25.9) | 103 | 35(34.0) | 171 | 42(24.6) | 93 | 22(23.7) | 80 | 29(36.2) |
χ2(P) | 0.020(0.887) | 0.800(0.371) | 2.643(0.104) | 1.302(0.254) | 0.031(0.860) | |||||
BMI(kg/m2) | ||||||||||
<18 | 126 | 35(27.8) | 71 | 24(33.8) | 82 | 23(28.0) | 39 | 12(30.8) | 35 | 13(37.1) |
18~<24 | 1 083 | 294(27.1) | 566 | 165(29.1) | 959 | 288(30.0) | 439 | 130(29.6) | 358 | 133(37.2) |
24~<28 | 275 | 58(21.1) | 164 | 54(32.9) | 256 | 77(30.1) | 112 | 29(25.9) | 110 | 33(30.0) |
≥28 | 81 | 26(32.1) | 37 | 10(27.0) | 98 | 29(29.6) | 43 | 10(23.3) | 34 | 11(32.4) |
χ2(P) | 5.778(0.123) | 1.488(0.685) | 0.150(0.985) | 1.314(0.726) | 2.067(0.559) | |||||
婚姻状态 | ||||||||||
已婚 | 1 467 | 383(26.1) | 777 | 225(29.0) | 1 351 | 401(29.7) | 618 | 176(28.5) | 529 | 186(35.2) |
单身 | 98 | 30(30.6) | 61 | 28(45.9) | 44 | 16(36.4) | 15 | 5(33.3) | 8 | 4(50.0) |
χ2(P) | 1.566(0.327) | 7.705(0.006) | 0.908(0.341) | 0.015(0.903) | 0.249(0.618) | |||||
是否计划妊娠 | ||||||||||
否 | 387 | 128(33.1) | 247 | 83(33.6) | 392 | 128(32.7) | 209 | 66(31.6) | 170 | 50(29.4) |
是 | 1 178 | 285(24.2) | 591 | 170(28.8) | 1 003 | 289(28.8) | 424 | 115(27.1) | 367 | 140(38.1) |
χ2(P) | 11.828(<0.001) | 1.935(0.164) | 1.983(0.159) | 1.362(0.243) | 3.878(0.049) | |||||
家族精神病史 | ||||||||||
否 | 1 516 | 388(25.6) | 811 | 236(29.1) | 1 363 | 399(29.3) | 619 | 171(27.6) | 513 | 174(33.9) |
是 | 49 | 25(51.0) | 27 | 17(63.0) | 32 | 18(56.2) | 14 | 10(71.4) | 24 | 16(66.7) |
χ2(P) | 15.798(<0.001) | 14.217(<0.001) | 10.857(<0.001) | 10.809(0.001)* | 10.755(0.001) | |||||
家族高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤史 | ||||||||||
否 | 969 | 248(25.6) | 530 | 163(30.8) | 834 | 223(26.7) | 400 | 97(24.2) | 327 | 106(32.4) |
是 | 596 | 165(27.7) | 308 | 90(29.2) | 561 | 194(34.6) | 233 | 84(36.1) | 210 | 84(40.0) |
χ2(P) | 0.831(0.362) | 0.217(0.641) | 9.843(0.002) | 10.043(0.002) | 3.217(0.073) | |||||
妊娠前1年持续2周情绪低落 | ||||||||||
否 | 1 479 | 349(23.6) | 819 | 237(28.9) | 1 322 | 362(27.4) | 617 | 170(27.6) | 499 | 164(32.9) |
是 | 86 | 64(74.4) | 19 | 16(84.2) | 73 | 55(75.3) | 16 | 11(68.7) | 38 | 26(60.0) |
χ2(P) | 108.062(<0.001) | 26.917(<0.001) | 75.929(<0.001) | 11.025(<0.001)* | 19.525(<0.001) | |||||
末次月经期间情绪低落 | ||||||||||
否 | 1 518 | 377(24.8) | 802 | 223(27.8) | 1 361 | 392(28.8) | 617 | 170(27.6) | 527 | 184(34.9) |
是 | 47 | 36(76.6) | 36 | 30(83.3) | 34 | 25(73.5) | 16 | 11(68.7) | 10 | 6(60.0) |
χ2(P) | 62.875(<0.001) | 50.404(<0.001) | 31.665(<0.001) | 11.025(<0.001)* | 1.715(0.190) | |||||
妊娠前1年持续2周情绪紧张 | ||||||||||
否 | 1 480 | 363(24.5) | 790 | 220(27.8) | 1 310 | 359(27.4) | 595 | 158(26.5) | 488 | 152(31.1) |
是 | 85 | 50(58.8) | 48 | 33(68.8) | 85 | 58(68.2) | 38 | 23(60.5) | 49 | 38(77.6) |
χ2(P) | 48.673(<0.001) | 35.919(<0.001) | 63.499(<0.001) | 20.189(<0.001) | 41.938(<0.001) | |||||
末次月经期间情绪紧张 | ||||||||||
否 | 1 499 | 369(24.6) | 804 | 227(28.2) | 1 362 | 395(29.0) | 609 | 163(26.8) | 488 | 152(31.1) |
是 | 66 | 44(66.7) | 34 | 26(76.5) | 33 | 22(66.7) | 24 | 18(75.0) | 49 | 38(77.6) |
χ2(P) | 57.543(<0.001) | 36.013(<0.001) | 21.811(<0.001) | 26.311(<0.001) | 41.938(<0.001) | |||||
民族 | ||||||||||
汉族 | 1 556 | 411(26.4) | 830 | 250(30.1) | 1 379 | 414(30.0) | 626 | 179(28.6) | 530 | 188(35.5) |
少数民族 | 9 | 2(22.2) | 8 | 3(37.5) | 16 | 3(18.8) | 7 | 2(28.6) | 7 | 2(28.6) |
χ2(P) | 0.000(1.000)* | 0.004(0.948) | 0.496(0.481) | 0.000(1.000)* | 0.000(1.000)* | |||||
是否在职 | ||||||||||
否 | 734 | 207(28.2) | 395 | 125(31.6) | 593 | 187(31.5) | 295 | 92(31.2) | 275 | 87(31.6) |
是 | 831 | 206(24.8) | 443 | 128(28.9) | 802 | 230(28.7) | 338 | 89(26.3) | 262 | 103(39.3) |
χ2(P) | 2.336(0.126) | 0.750(0.386) | 1.327(0.249) | 1.819(0.177) | 3.458(0.630) | |||||
文化程度 | ||||||||||
大专以下 | 570 | 163(28.6) | 311 | 100(32.2) | 504 | 145(28.8) | 230 | 68(29.6) | 206 | 58(28.2) |
大专及以上 | 995 | 250(25.1) | 527 | 153(29.0) | 891 | 272(30.5) | 403 | 113(28.0) | 331 | 132(39.9) |
χ2(P) | 2.247(0.134) | 0.905(0.342) | 0.475(0.491) | 0.167(0.683) | 7.634(0.006) | |||||
现居住地 | ||||||||||
市区及县城 | 1 406 | 370(26.3) | 195 | 46(23.6) | 300 | 90(30.0) | 214 | 66(30.8) | 184 | 46(25.0) |
乡镇 | 159 | 43(27.0) | 643 | 207(32.2) | 1 095 | 327(29.9) | 419 | 115(27.4) | 353 | 144(40.8) |
χ2(P) | 0.039(0.843) | 5.254(0.022) | 0.002(0.963) | 0.800(0.371) | 13.195(<0.001) | |||||
孕次(次) | ||||||||||
1 | 627 | 150(23.9) | 321 | 87(27.1) | 645 | 190(29.5) | 284 | 82(28.9) | 193 | 78(40.4) |
>1 | 938 | 263(28.0) | 517 | 166(32.1) | 750 | 227(30.3) | 349 | 99(28.4) | 344 | 112(32.6) |
χ2(P) | 3.276(0.070) | 2.354(0.125) | 0.108(0.742) | 0.020(0.888) | 3.338(0.068) | |||||
产次(次) | ||||||||||
0 | 969 | 257(26.5) | 524 | 161(30.7) | 936 | 292(31.2) | 391 | 120(30.7) | 305 | 128(42.0) |
≥1 | 596 | 156(26.2) | 314 | 92(29.3) | 459 | 125(27.2) | 242 | 61(25.2) | 232 | 62(26.7) |
χ2(P) | 0.023(0.880) | 0.189(0.663) | 2.309(0.129) | 2.202(0.138) | 13.391(<0.001) |
注:*采用校正卡方检验。
2.3 围产期抑郁症状的影响因素分析
将上述差异有统计学意义的因素纳入Logistic回归分析,将是否有抑郁症状(否=0,是=1)作为因变量,将婚姻状态(已婚=0,单身=1)、计划妊娠(否=0,是=1)、家族精神病史(否=0,是=1)、家族高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤史(否=0,是=1)、妊娠前1年持续2周情绪低落(否=0,是=1)、末次月经期间情绪低落(否=0,是=1)、妊娠前1年持续2周情绪紧张(否=0,是=1)、末次月经期间情绪紧张(否=0,是=1)、文化程度(大专以下=0,大专及以上=1)、现居住地(市区及县城=0,农村=1)、产次(初产=0,经产=1)作为自变量。共线性诊断结果显示各期的回归模型均VIF<10,Tol>0.1,说明各模型变量间不存在共线性。结果显示,妊娠早期发生抑郁症状的危险因素包括非计划妊娠、有家族精神病史、妊娠前1年持续2周情绪低落及末次月经期间情绪低落或紧张(均P<0.05);妊娠中期发生抑郁症状的危险因素包括有家族精神病史、现居农村及妊娠前1年持续2周及末次月经期间情绪低落或紧张(均P<0.05);妊娠晚期发生抑郁症状的危险因素包括有家族高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤史、妊娠前1年持续2周情绪低落或紧张及末次月经期间情绪紧张(均P<0.05);产后1周发生抑郁症状的危险因素包括有家族精神病、高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤史、妊娠前1年持续2周情绪低落及末次月经期间情绪紧张(均P<0.05);产后6周发生抑郁症状的危险因素包括初产妇、现居农村、有家族精神病史和妊娠前1年持续2周情绪紧张(均P<0.05)。见表3。
表3 围产期抑郁症状影响因素的Logistic回归分析
因素 | 妊娠早期 | 妊娠中期 | 妊娠晚期 | 产后1周 | 产后6周 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR(95%CI) | P | OR(95%CI) | P | OR(95%CI) | P | OR(95%CI) | P | OR(95%CI) | P | |
婚姻状态 | - | - | 1.688 (0.937~3.043) | 0.082 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
计划妊娠 | 0.690 (0.530~0.898) | 0.006 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.330 (0.861~2.056) | 0.199 |
家族精神病史 | 2.040 (1.079~3.859) | 0.028 | 2.852 (1.180~6.897) | 0.020 | 1.392 (0.611~3.171) | 0.431 | 6.730 (2.012~22.505) | 0.002 | 3.958 (1.580~9.914) | 0.003 |
家族高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤史 | - | - | - | - | 1.395 (1.094~1.779) | 0.007 | 1.865 (1.286~2.706) | 0.001 | - | - |
妊娠前1年持续2周情绪低落 | 4.828 (2.735~8.523) | <0.001 | 7.645 (2.006~29.140) | 0.003 | 4.695 (2.541~8.673) | <0.001 | 3.606 (1.280~10.156) | 0.015 | 1.390 (0.505~3.830) | 0.524 |
末次月经期间情绪低落 | 2.654 (1.185~5.942) | 0.018 | 8.043 (3.156~20.497) | <0.001 | 1.700 (0.667~4.332) | 0.266 | 1.681 (0.440~6.416) | 0.448 | - | - |
妊娠前1年持续2周情绪紧张 | 1.647 (0.959~2.829) | 0.071 | 3.030 (1.490~6.163) | 0.002 | 2.795 (1.636~4.777) | <0.001 | 1.855 (0.821~4.194) | 0.138 | 6.405 (2.484~16.519) | <0.001 |
末次月经期间情绪紧张 | 3.001 (4.652~5.452) | <0.001 | 4.834 (2.020~11.568) | <0.001 | 2.512 (1.081~5.840) | 0.032 | 6.101 (2.193~16.976) | 0.001 | 0.811 (0.245~2.681) | 0.731 |
文化程度 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.356 (0.876~2.101) | 0.172 |
现居住地 | - | - | 1.577 (1.051~2.367) | 0.028 | - | - | - | - | 1.671 (1.052~2.655) | 0.030 |
产次 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.652 (0.432~0.985) | 0.042 |
3 讨论
3.1 围产期抑郁症状检出率
南充市作为川东北地区的三线城市,而自贡市位处川南中部,属于五线城市,两地区尽管在一些传统产业方面取得了一定的成就,但仍处于经济欠发达阶段,面临着经济结构相对单一、发展水平不够均衡的挑战。本研究纳入了两地的4家医疗机构的3 696例孕产妇,结果显示该地区检出率波动在26.39%~35.38%,比成都(21.2%~24.0%)[14]等经济发达城市稍高,可能受城市经济关联的人均收入、生活环境和医疗水平差距影响,其中妊娠中期及产后6周的抑郁症状检出率最高,这与Bennett等[15]和Cena等[16]的研究结果一致。这两段时期是激素水平波动的高峰时期,可能对情绪影响较大:妊娠中期孕妇身形逐渐变化,腰背疼痛等生理不适逐渐加剧,孕妇可能对产前筛查结果和胎儿生长情况过度担忧;产后6周,产妇会更深刻地体验身份的转换,可能面临缺乏睡眠、社会家庭支持不足等问题,这些负面因素都会增加抑郁的风险。
3.2 围产期抑郁症状的影响因素分析
①本研究发现非计划妊娠是妊娠早期发生抑郁症状的危险因素。叶优春等[17]在宁波对孕产妇的调查显示,非计划妊娠是整个围产期抑郁的危险因素。本研究结果体现了非计划妊娠对经济欠发达地区孕妇抑郁症状的影响,较经济发达城市人群影响时间短。意外妊娠可能给女性带来与伴侣间巨大的情感冲突,使她们面临经济、社交、职业等方面的变化和不确定,在妊娠早期尚不能很好地迎接母亲角色转变的女性很可能引起抑郁情绪和症状发生,但经济欠发达地区的经济压力和消费水平可能更低,因此意外妊娠带来的冲击可能较快得到缓解。因此围产保健人员对于本地区育龄期女性妊娠前健康教育、帮助这类孕妇调整情绪和协助适应角色的改变显得尤为重要。②本研究发现居住在农村可能与妊娠中期和产后6周抑郁症状的高发有关,这与黎凤落等[18]的研究结果类似。现居农村者大多社会地位及家庭经济收入相对较低,妊娠中期及产后6周常面临着工作压力、经济负担的增加及夫妻关系的调整等,这些均容易导致孕产妇出现抑郁症状,此时应告知患者家属在这段时间给予孕妇更多安慰鼓励与支持。③已证实既往焦虑或抑郁史是产前新发抑郁的最强危险因素[19]。但较多既往未诊断抑郁病史的孕妇在产前的不良情绪并未得到重视,且妊娠前情绪对PND影响的相关研究较少。本研究结果显示了妊娠前末次月经期间的低落情绪可能与妊娠早中期的心理状态相关;妊娠前长期的低落情绪或许会延续至产后1周;而妊娠前的紧张情绪也可能间断贯穿整个围产期。可见一年内或近期经历过负性事件后,导致焦虑抑郁的原因可能会持续存在或难以转化,两种情绪可能高度共存[20],一直延续,从而形成一种负性循环,增加产前抑郁症状发生的风险。专业人员及亲友协助孕妇解决问题,跨越心理障碍,会有助于缓解其抑郁症状[21]。④重度抑郁症具有家族聚集性,有重度抑郁直系亲属的人群重症抑郁患病风险比普通人群高3倍以上(OR=3.62,95%CI:2.65~4.97)[22],家族遗传可能影响孕产妇对抑郁的易感性和人格特征。国外部分研究已观察到了家族精神病史是孕妇产前抑郁的一个重要危险因素[23],本研究证实,对中国人群来说,家族精神病史对孕产妇几乎整个围产期抑郁症状的发生风险都存在显著的影响。⑤研究表明,患有慢性疾病的孕产妇发生抑郁的概率会升高[24],家族高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤史可能反映了一定的遗传风险,且妊娠晚期是妊娠合并症与并发症的高发期,这或许会增加孕产妇对继续妊娠、产后恢复及胎儿潜在遗传风险的担忧和压力,从而增加抑郁的风险。建议对高危孕妇积极管理以及对合并症早发现早治疗,遗传相关风险进行遗传咨询。⑥初产为产后6周发生抑郁症状的独立危险因素,这与Lu等[25]的研究结果一致。这部分女性首次面临母亲角色转变,缺乏育儿经验,面对新的体验和责任,可能存在更大的心理压力,从而更易出现低落情绪。此阶段,可以予以母乳喂养及育儿知识的宣讲,针对性地解决其育儿困难和困惑,缓解焦虑抑郁情绪。
3.3 本研究的局限性
本研究只选取了南充和自贡2个城市的部分孕产妇,未包含更多的经济欠发达地区及乡镇医疗机构,研究结果的推广性受到限制,仅适用于样本所在地区或周边地区,其他省市的发病情况可能存在地区差异。且部分抑郁高风险孕产妇由于对心理疾病的恐惧、排斥和羞耻感拒绝筛查,可能会影响检出率的准确性,故而存在一定偏倚。此外,本研究为横断面研究,无法纵向监测这些影响因素随时间的变化,还欠缺对于整个围产期抑郁变化趋势及连续心理风险因素的评估。
综上所述,经济欠发达地区孕产妇抑郁症状检出率在妊娠中期和产后6周最高,非计划妊娠、现居农村、初产、家族精神病、高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤史和妊娠前1年持续2周或末次月经期间有低落或焦虑情绪是围产不同时期的危险因素。建议围产保健者对该地区孕产妇早期筛查,重点关注存在上述高危因素的人群对应高危时期的抑郁症状变化情况,必要时重复筛查评估,对存在PND风险的孕产妇更及时地提供心理专科访谈及干预,必要时药物治疗,缓解抑郁症状,使她们有更好的心理状态面对妊娠或分娩带来的冲击和压力。
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