Abstract: Human trophoblast stem cells (TSC), derived from the trophoblastic ectoderm, play a decisive role in the fate of embryos, and have gradually become a hot topic in the study of human placenta. Through in vitro experiments on mouse embryos, it has been found that some related transcription factors and protein regulatory factors play a role in the regulation of TSC state, such as the transcription regulatory factors FOS related antigen 1 (FOSL1), placental expression transcription factor 1 (PLET-1), etc., can promote the expression of TSC differentiation related genes, so that TSC can differentiate into different trophoblast cell lineage; and protein regulatory factors such as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) can also regulate histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) to mediate epithelial stromal transformation and promote TSC differentiation. In this paper, we review the research progress of transcription factors, kinases, gene modifying enzymes and protein regulating factors that can regulate TSC status in recent years, and provide necessary theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of pregnancy diseases related to the differentiation of human placental trophoblast cells.

Key words: Trophoblasts;, Stem cells;, Placenta;, Embryo, mammalian;, Cell self renewal, Cell differentiation;, Transcription factors