国际妇产科学杂志

国际妇产科学杂志 ›› 2019, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (3): 283-288.

• 综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

胎盘发育机制的研究进展

韩思杨，秦欣然，薛春然，彭麒桦，王莺瑾，丁之德   

  1. 200025 上海交通大学医学院临床医学系2016级临床八年制（韩思杨，秦欣然，薛春然，彭麒桦），组织胚胎学与遗传发育学系（丁之德）；上海交通大学医学院附属同仁医院妇产科（王莺瑾）
  • 收稿日期:2018-12-27 修回日期:2019-02-15 出版日期:2019-06-15 发布日期:2019-06-25
  • 通讯作者: 王莺瑾，E-mail：wyj810211@126.com；丁之德，E-mail：zding@shsmu.edu.cn E-mail:zding@shsmu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    上海交通大学第十二期大学生科学创新项目（1218010），上海交通大学基础医学院第十二期RBL项目（2018RBL007）

The Research Advances in the Mechanism of Placental Development

HAN Si-yang，QIN Xin-ran，XUE Chun-ran，PENG Qi-hua，WANG Ying-jin，DING Zhi-de   

  1. Department of Clinical Medicine，Grade 2016（HAN Si-yang，QIN Xin-ran，XUE Chun-ran，PENG Qi-hua），Department of Histology，Embryology，Genetics and Developmental Biology（DING Zhi-de），School of Medicine，Shanghai Jiao Tong University，Shanghai 200025，China；Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology，Tong Ren Hospital，School of Medical，Shanghai Jiao Tong University，Shanghai 200336，China（WANG Ying-jin）
  • Received:2018-12-27 Revised:2019-02-15 Published:2019-06-15 Online:2019-06-25
  • Contact: WANG Ying-jin，E-mail：wyj810211@126.com; DING Zhi-de，E-mail：zding@shsmu.edu.cn E-mail:zding@shsmu.edu.cn

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摘要： 胎盘是母体与胎儿之间重要的交流器官，其正常发育对胎儿的生长发育至关重要。胎盘的形成和发育受性别、表观遗传学及外界环境等诸多因素的影响，如不同性别胚胎会影响不同的性激素基因在各自胎盘中的表达，X染色体连锁基因中的性激素合成基因STS倾向于在女性胎儿的胎盘中表达；LHB-CGB基因簇的表达也倾向于女性胎儿的胎盘，其表达产物黄体生成激素、人绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）与胎盘的生长、侵袭、血管生成等密切相关。表观遗传学甲基化的重建过程影响胎盘的早期发育，如在胚胎发育早期抑制DNA的甲基化过程会破坏胎盘滋养层的增殖和迁移。另外，胎盘的生长需要充足的有氧环境，氧含量的下降会通过诱导缺氧诱导因子（HIF）活性的增加直接影响胎盘的体积、发育及成熟。综述胎盘发育过程中的一系列变化及这些变化对胎盘功能的影响，可为阐明胚胎发育机制提供必要的理论基础，同时也为母婴安全提供重要保障。

关键词: 胎盘, 后成说, 遗传, 性别因素

Abstract: The placenta is an important communicating organ between the mother and the fetus, and its normal development is crucial for the growth and development of the fetus. The formation and development of placenta is greatly relevant to some factors, such as gender, epigenetics and external environment. For example, the gender affect the expression of sex hormone genes in male or female fetal placenta respectively, and the sex hormone synthesis gene STS in X-linked genes tends to express in female fetal placenta. Moreover, the expression of LHB-CGB gene cluster also tends to express in female fetal placenta, and its expression products such as luteinizing hormone and hCG are closely related to the growth, invasion and angiogenesis of placenta. On the other hand, the reconstructive process of methylation in epigenetics affects the early development of placenta, such as the inhibition of DNA methylation during early embryonic development can disrupt the proliferation and migration of trophoblasts. In addition, the growth of placenta requires a hyperoxic environment, and the decline of oxygen level can directly impair placental volume, development and maturation by inducing increases in the activity of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). To review a series of changes during placental development and their effects on the varied physiological functions, such as epigenetics and changes of vascular structure, are essential for elucidating the mechanism of embryonic development and the maternal and infant safety as well.

Key words: Placenta, Epigenesis, genetic, Sex factors