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Mechanism Study of MAPK Pathway in PCOS and Monomeric Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine HU Die, REN Jia-jie, LIU Jia-ning, FENG Xiao-ling Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2024, 51 (6): 684-691.   DOI: 10.12280/gjfckx.20240713 Abstract （222）   HTML （23）    PDF （2385KB）（672）       Knowledge map    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common and complex gynecological endocrine disorder that mainly affects women of childbearing age. Its main characteristics include ovulation disorders, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays an important role in the occurrence of PCOS. It has been confirmed that the three classic MAPK pathways - extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK are closely related to the occurrence of PCOS. Once these pathways are abnormally activated, it will prompt the body to have a variety of adverse reactions and ultimately lead to PCOS. Specifically, it includes ovulation dysfunction, insulin resistance, elevated androgen levels, oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. Studies have shown that a variety of traditional Chinese medicine monomers can regulate the activity and expression of MAPK signaling pathway-related proteins. These traditional Chinese medicine monomers include flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids and polysaccharides. Through this modulation, they can effectively improve the pathophysiological process of PCOS patients, thus providing new ideas and methods for the treatment of PCOS. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of 3D Printed Hydrogel Stents in Prevention and Treatment of Intrauterine Adhesion SHI Ming, SUN Ming-hui, YANG Wei-wei, HUANG Hui-hua, ZHANG Chang-lin, David YB Deng Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2024, 51 (3): 290-296.   DOI: 10.12280/gjfckx.20231104 Abstract （257）   HTML （17）    PDF （4256KB）（532）       Knowledge map    Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) often leads to amenorrhea, infertility, and recurrent miscarriage, seriously affecting the physical and mental health of women. Clinically, surgical separation is the main treatment for IUA, but this approach frequently results in postoperative recurrence and has poor treatment efficacy. 3D bioprinted scaffolds have emerged as a cutting-edge approach in the treatment of IUA, capable of separating damaged areas to prevent adhesion formation and undergoing controllable in vivo degradation without the need for surgical removal. These scaffolds can be used for drug loading, stem cell transplantation, and exosome delivery, enabling the release of drugs or growth factors to the injured area to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Transplanting 3D bioprinted hydrogels loaded with stem cells or stem cell-derived exosomes to the damaged area can effectively promote the repair of IUA and improve pregnancy rates. 3D bioprinting can provide personalized treatment plans for patients, and the combined treatment strategy with stem cells or stem cell-derived exosomes holds promise as a powerful tool for treating IUA. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Application of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Gynecological Diseases GUO Shi-wei, SUN Jing-li, CHEN Zhen-yu, LIU Sen Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2024, 51 (3): 279-283.   DOI: 10.12280/gjfckx.20230955 Abstract （266）   HTML （9）    PDF （584KB）（508）       Knowledge map    Stem cell-derived exosomes (SC-Exo) are petite vesicles, released from stem cells. Exosomes originating from different cells or tissues play diverse roles in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases, and have made significant achievements and progress in various clinical fields. The application value of SC-Exo in gynecological diseases such as recurrent spontaneous abortion, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, intrauterine adhesions, wound repair in vaginal surgery, gynecological tumors and pelvic floor dysfunction is increasingly being recognized. SC-Exo can mediate the signaling and functional transfer of genetic information between targeted cells by releasing a variety of bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and cytokines. It has potential benefits for the treatment of gynecological diseases and is a novel and promising therapeutic strategy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Research on Hydroxychloroquine in the Improvement of Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complication LI Jia-po, CHEN Bing-nan, ZHANG Li-yang, LI Fan, FU Yue, QIAO Chong Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2021, 48 (3): 241-246.   DOI: 10.12280/gjfckx.20200867 Abstract （2410）   HTML （358）    PDF （758KB）（7748）       Knowledge map    Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a widely used antimalarial drug that inhibits cellular autophagy. HCQ can be used in women with rheumatic diseases who planning pregnancy and is recommended for continued use during pregnancy. In recent years, the use of HCQ in pregnancy has received increasing attention due to its immunomodulatory and endothelial protection effects in autoimmune diseases. There is a clear benefit in pregnant patients with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome, but it remains unclear whether there is a general benefit for patients without autoimmune diseases. HCQ has anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant and endothelial protection effects. The modulation of immunity in pregnancy can be multifaceted, multi-level. This paper discusses the mechanisms and advances in the use of HCQ in pregnancy and the improvement of placenta-derived pregnancy complications. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in the Neurobiology of Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain LIU Yan-min,JIANG Xiu-xiu Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2019, 46 (1): 32-36.   Abstract （885）      PDF （769KB）（7585）       Knowledge map    Pelvic pain is one of the common gynecological diseases in women, which mainly presents as chronic pelvic pain. It has not only a great impact on women′s posture and balance ability, but also severe influence on the quality of life and health. However, the biological basis and etiology of chronic pelvic pain are still unclear. Its evaluation and treatment are complicated, which brings great difficulties to the treatment and rehabilitation. We aim to review the innervation of internal and external reproductive systems, the imaging changes and pain susceptibility of central nervous, the interaction between cytokines and peripheral nerve fibers, the role of inflammation factor in reducing peripheral nerve sensitivity, the pain signals transmission and neurons kinase signaling pathways activation mediated by sodium channel to further provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of female pelvic pain. We focus on the role of signaling pathways and cytokines in the pathogenesis of pain. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Drugs for Maintenance Treatment for Platinum-Sensitive Recurrent Ovarian Cancer CHANG Xin, HAN Lu Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2022, 49 (4): 382-387.   DOI: 10.12280/gjfckx.20220004 Abstract （1453）   HTML （40）    PDF （711KB）（4169）       Knowledge map    As the worst prognosis malignant tumor in gynecological diseases, ovarian cancer is more insidious and difficult to be diagnosed in the early stage. The recurrence rate of ovarian cancer patients is extremely high after the standard treatment regimen of comprehensive staging surgical and chemotherapy with platinum or paclitaxel drugs. Patients with recurrence are prone to develop platinum resistance after multiple chemotherapy sessions, and the therapeutic effect is getting worse. Therefore, how to reduce tumor recurrence, prolong patients′ survival time and improve quality of life has always been a difficult point in clinical treatment of ovarian cancer. For patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer, they need to be treated with maintenance therapy after surgery plus chemotherapy. Molecular targeted drug regimens such as anti-angiogenic drugs and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are used to maintain the efficacy of post-chemotherapy treatment in order to prolong progression-free survival and delay recurrence, and improve survival and quality of life. The article reviews the current pharmacological approaches related to maintenance therapy for platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer and looks forward to the application of maintenance therapy in the treatment of platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Vaginal Ecosystem XIAO Bing-bing;LIAO Qin-ping Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2011, 38 (6): 479-482.   Abstract （1776）      PDF （247KB）（5278）       Knowledge map    The vagina is a dynamic and finely tuned ecosystem in which homeostasis depends on mutually beneficial interactions between a human female and her resident microorganisms. In recent years，the development and introduction of cultivation-independent molecular-based techniques have provided new information about the composition of normal vaginal flora，“normal flora” is a concept currently being redefined.Dominance by lactic-acid producing microbes appears to be the cornerstone of microbial health. Numerous factors（both internal and external） have the potential to disrupt the vaginal ecosystem's fragile balance，and different racial groups，different geographical region have significant difference in what is the dominant vaginal organisms. Related Articles | Metrics

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Translational Medicine in Improving Endometriosis Researches LANG Jing-he Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2011, 38 (4): 261-262.   Abstract （2565）      PDF （213KB）（5920）       Knowledge map    Endometriosis（EMs） typically affects women of reproductive age. The underlining mechanisms of EM are not fully disclosed and treatment regimens do not provide satisfactory effects. Eutopic endometrium， stem cells and archimetra have been highly recognized in explaining the development of endometriosis， which also have great contributions to disease diagnosis， therapy development and preventive measures both theoretically and practically. New concepts such as“source of diagnosing”and“source of healing”are introduced into diagnosis and management of EM， epidemiology researches are possible with the help of bioassays， these all suggest an important role of translational medicine in optimizing EM researches. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and its Influence on Maternal and Infant JIE Jin-hua;XU Rong-xian Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2011, 38 (3): 197-200.   Abstract （2860）      PDF （203KB）（6256）       Knowledge map    Risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus（GDM）include age，obesity，ethnicity，adverse obstetrical and neonatal outcomes，and family history of diabetes. Insulin resistance plays a main role in GDM. Impact of GDM on mothers and fetals is intimately related to levels of glycaemic control. Women with GDM are increased risk of pre-eclampsia，polyhydramnios，shoulder dystocia or cephalopelvic disproportion，injury of birth canal， caesarean delivery and diabetes after years，while their infants tend to experience higher rates of macrosomia， preterm birth，morbidity and mortality. The offspring of these women are also at increased risk of obesity and metabolism syndrome in childhood. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Early Screen and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer HU Ling-yun;LI Ya-li Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2011, 38 (4): 302-305.   Abstract （1555）      PDF （248KB）（5144）       Knowledge map    Perimenopause is the age of high incidence of ovarian cancer， because there are no obvious symptoms in early stage and lack of effective early diagnostic tool，mortality is the highest in the gynecological cancers. Gene chips，proteomics and immunohistochemical tecnology and other research methods have become research hotspot in early diagnosis of ovarian cancer，but there is no definite conclusion. Therefore，we need to define a new systematic， highly sensitive and specific method in early diagnosis of ovarian cancer，and screening of early ovarian cancer in the population，so that can early diagnosis and treatment，then further improve the quality of life of patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Etiology，Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy XU Xin-ran;CUI Hong-yan Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2014, 41 (6): 650-654.   Abstract （1204）      PDF （676KB）（4905）       Knowledge map    Peripartum cardiomyopathy is defined as an idiopathic cardiomyopathy manifested as heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction toward the end of pregnancy or in five months after delivery when no other causes of heart failure ars found. Peripartum cardiomyopathy occurs in previously healthy woman，with unknown origin. Although the incidence is low，the mortality rate is high，and the prognosis is different. The patients commonly have dyspnea，cough，neck vein distension and edema，some patients even occurred arrhythmia and myocardial infarction. Diagnosis relies mainly on echocardiography and magnetic resonance images. The disease can be treated by positive myodynamia，diuresis，and anticoagulant drugs. In some patients the clinical symptoms and ultrasonic cardiogram quickly improve and return normal；but in other patients，the clinical symptoms rapidly deteriorating and the drug treatment is ineffective，if persistent left ventricular dysfunction develop to chronic heart failure，ventricular assist devices and cardiac transplantation maybe required. Summarize the etiology，diagnosis and treatment management of the disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Cervical Cancer Microenvironment: an Immunologic Role in Disease CAO Jian-fang;HAO Min;ZHAO Wei-hong Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2015, 42 (3): 249-252.   Abstract （1279）      PDF （461KB）（5729）       Knowledge map    Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths for women globally worldwide. Persistent infection of high risk human papillomavirus（HR-HPV） is the main etiological factor for cervical cancer development. The changes of body immune system status especially microenvironment in situ is capable of mounting efficient immune responses against tumor antigens, so that most of the infected women can eliminate the virus and cervical precursor lesions displaying a central role in tumor progression. It is possible that vaginal microflora，vaginal mucosal defense system，immune cells and cytokines have been modulated in the cervical microenvironment. Any abnormality in the process will result in changing HPV natural history in the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias（CIN） and cervical cancer. The mechanism of cervical microenvironment immune dysfunction increased the risk of cervical cancer has not yet clearly known，and remains to be deeply investigated. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Etiology of Fetal Growth Restriction and Its Effects on the Long-Term Health of the Child WANG Ya-hui, WANG Yan, WANG Yan, PEI Fe Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2024, 51 (2): 152-156.   DOI: 10.12280/gjfckx.20230840 Abstract （306）   HTML （42）    PDF （658KB）（410）       Knowledge map    Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is one of the common and more complex complications of pregnancy, which refers to the inability of the fetus to reach its expected growth potential during pregnancy. The etiology of FGR is complex and varied, and may be caused by maternal, fetal or placental factors. Long-term follow-up studies of pediatric and adult patients with FGR have revealed adverse health outcomes. Fetuses with growth restriction lag significantly behind normal children in birth weight and length after delivery, and the vast majority of these children begin to experience significant growth catch-up early in life, but are at higher risk for metabolic problems. FGR is often associated with a range of long-term complications, such as neurologic deficits and abnormalities in skeletal muscle growth and metabolism, and is even associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. This has a serious impact on the physical health and quality of life of children with FGR. We summarize the pathogenic factors of FGR and its effects on the long-term health of children in order to provide theoretical support for the clinical prevention and treatment of FGR. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Risk Factors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus LI Bao-juan;DONG Ling Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2013, 40 (6): 504-506.   Abstract （1322）      PDF （432KB）（4965）       Knowledge map    Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of common complications during pregnancy, maternal and child safety threat, increasing the risk of pregnancy. With the increasing incidence of GDM, people pay more and more attention to the researches on its risk factors. Gestational insulin resistance is now more accepted as GDM′s main pathogenesis. In addition to the pregnant women of traditional factors such as age, race, family history of diabetes, pregnant women before pregnancy，and the body mass index （BMI），pregnant women in vivo storage content genetic polymorphism and infectious factors are associated with the occurrence of GDM. The papers in recent years on the risk factors of GDM progress are reviewed in the paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of Triptolide in Ovarian Cancer DU Qiu-yue, SHEN Yan Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2018, 45 (3): 327-330.   Abstract （904）      PDF （694KB）（7105）       Knowledge map     Ovarian cancer is a serious threat to women′s reproductive health, and the mortality is the first of various gynecological tumors. Multidrug resistance(MDR) is a major cause of post-treatment relapses, metastasis, and even death. The role of triptolide(TP) in the treatment of ovarian cancer has attracted much attention, especially in the treatment of MDR in ovarian cancer. In this review, the mechanism of TP on ovarian cancer is reviewed in the two aspects of inhibiting the proliferation and inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells. The toxicity of TP and the short half-life have limited the clinical application. However,the emergence of nano-drug delivery technology has provided  a broader prospect for the treatment of ovarian cancer by TP. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Research Progress on Related Risk Factors and Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women HE Fei, ZHOU Jian-hong, CHU Ke-tan Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2024, 51 (4): 412-416.   DOI: 10.12280/gjfckx.20240174 Abstract （307）   HTML （26）    PDF （868KB）（322）       Knowledge map    Sleep disorder refers to abnormal sleep quantity, quality or some clinical symptoms occur during sleep, which seriously affects human function and health. The incidence of sleep disorders is positively correlated with age, and perimenopause in women is usually the turning point of female sleep due to the high incidence of menopause syndrome and metabolic related diseases. Sleep disorders in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women are characterized by difficulties in falling asleep, sleep maintenance disorders, daytime dysfunction, and anxiety and depression in severe cases. According to the related risk factors, symptomatic treatment, alleviate menopause-related symptoms, improve sleep quality, increase effective sleep time, restore social function, and improve the quality of life are the goals of the treating of perimenopausal sleep disorders. Therapeutic measures for perimenopausal and postmenopausal sleep disorders include non-drug therapy (sleep hygiene education, cognitive-behavior therapy for insomnia) and pharmacological therapy (menopausel hormone therapy, psychotropic and sedative hypnotic drugs, melatonin, traditional Chinese medicine, etc.). This article reviews the research progress on the risk factors and diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of MiRNA in Ovarian Cancer Invasion and Metastasis SANG Yi-fei，LI Jia-rui Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2018, 45 (3): 314-317.   Abstract （738）      PDF （680KB）（7252）       Knowledge map    MicroRNA(miRNA) is a class of non-coding RNA molecule, 20-22 nucleotides in length, which affects the differentiation, proliferation, metastasis and necrosis of tumor cells by regulating target gene. It is fully reported that miRNA has a relationship with human malignant tumors and it has an abnormal expression in ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic malignant tumors, 90% of which are epithelial cancers, whose five-year survival rate is only 30%. Without obvious symptoms in early stage, it has a high metastatic rate when diagnosed. Many substances and pathways are involved in the mechanism of ovarian cancer invasion and metastasis. A large number of studies suggest that cancer stem cells related miRNA, epithelial-mesenchymal transition related miRNA, extracellular matrix related miRNA and angiogenesis related miRNA are relevant to invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer. The abnormal expression of them are involved in invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer by regulating the expression of downstream substance. In this article, we focus on the mechanism of miRNA in ovarian cancer invasion and metastasis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Correlation between Vaginal Microenvironment and HPV Infection WANG Qiang，GUO Jie，SONG Dian-rong Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2020, 47 (1): 5-9.   Abstract （1263）      PDF （838KB）（7803）       Knowledge map    HPV infection is the only clear pathogenic factor that can lead to cervical cancer, but HPV infection is not equal to cervical cancer or cervical precancerous lesions, which suggests a possibility of developing cervical lesions. Therefore, effective screening and prevention are effective measures to reduce the incidence of HPV infection and cervical lesions. The cervical vagina is in the vaginal microenvironment. The normal vaginal microenvironment is composed of vaginal anatomy, microbial flora, local immunity and endocrine regulation of the body. They interact with each other and are always in a state of dynamic balance. When the vaginal flora, pH value, local immunity, and estrogen and progesterone levels change, the body′s susceptibility to HPV increases, and the clearance is reduced. In view of the close relationship between vaginal microenvironment and HPV infection, this article reviews the literature on the relationship between HPV infection and vaginal microenvironment. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Glucocorticoid-induced TNF Receptor Mediated by Tregs in Immune Tolerance TAN Yan;WANG Chen-hong Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2016, 43 (3): 282-286.   Abstract （1210）      PDF （699KB）（6510）       Knowledge map    Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) is an important functional molecular of regulatory T cells (regulatory T cells，Tregs) expressed in thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs. Numerous studies have shown the key role of GITR in differentiation and extension of Tregs. Furdermore，GITR is an effective marker of Tregs and play an important role in immune regulation. GITR has many important biological activities，including cell proliferation，differentiation，survival and apoptosis，etc. The interactions of them can break immune tolerance mediated by Tregs，induce or aggravate autoimmune diseases，such as asthma，diabetes，arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus，etc. All pregnancies comply with the rules of immune tolerance，Tregs play an important role in protecting fetus from immune attack. Many studies have shown that interruption of the interaction in Tregs during the pregnancy can lead to the generation of fetal specific antigen，which in turn will lead to adverse pregnancy outcome. Now a review will be made here on GITR mediated by Tregs in immune tolerance. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Expression and the Role of Nitric Oxide Within Cervical Microenvironment Related to HPV Infection WEI Xue-min;SUI Long Journal of International Obstetrics and Gynecology    2011, 38 (1): 37-40.   Abstract （2137）      PDF （232KB）（4959）       Knowledge map    Although persistent infection with an high-risk human papilloma virus（HPV）is thought to be necessary for most cervical tumorigenesis， most infections have been shown to regress spontaneously under an effective immune response， often within a few months. So understanding the factors that affect the balance between viral persistence and viral clearance and the role of the immune system in these processes is important. As HPV infection happens in the local of female lower genital tract， the local immune milieu in the lesion plays an important role. Recent researches show that nitric oxide（NO）is a key component in inflammation-accelerated tumorigenesis. HPV infection and other risk factors for cervical cancer（e.g. smoking， multiparity， inflammation）can lead to high local NO concentration in the cervix， which may result in malignant progression. Related Articles | Metrics