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15 October 2010, Volume 37 Issue 5
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Tumor Marker for Clinical Application in Ovarian Cancer GAO Yong-liang 2010, 37 (5):  299-301.  Abstract ( 1480 )   PDF (165KB) ( 4692 )   High survival rate is seen in the early stage of ovarian cancer, but survival rate is very low in advanced stage. High sensitivity and high specificity ovarian cancer markers help the early detection of ovarian cancer, no doubt will increase the survival rate of ovarian cancer. CA125 and HE4 are the most important markers for ovarian cancer and the only two by the U.S. FDA approval for clinical monitoring ovarian cancer so far. Use of tumor markers can increase ovarian cancer screening efficiency, identify malignant or benign pelvic mass, and monitoring disease status. Related Articles | Metrics

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Staging of Cervical Cancer ZHAO Shu-wang 2010, 37 (5):  302-305.  Abstract ( 1518 )   PDF (273KB) ( 4872 )   Cervical cancer is a common malignant tumor in female reproductive system, the mortality rate of it has declined due to the approach of screening which has been carried out in recent decades. However, over the last decade, the incidence of cervical cancer showed a trend of steady increase and younger, improving the standard of diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer remains to be investigated and determined. The correct staging of cervical cancer plays an important role in making a reasonable treatment and judging prognosis. Although the methods of cervical cancer staging were revised by FIGO in 2009 and some of the concepts were refined, the problem is that the clinical methods of simple application of preoperative staging are still difficult to be clear. Imaging examination has been widely used in diagnosis of cervical cancer. In particular, the application of magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） techniques provides more accurate clinical information and highlights the significance of combination of MRI staging and FIGO staging of cervical cancer. The visual display of tumor is the advantage of MRI, accordingly, depth of cervical stromal invasion, tumor size and metastatic lymph node involvement can be assessed accurately. Thus, MRI techniques are significant imaging methods of staging of cervical cancer. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Structrue and Function of the Human Papillomavirus E2 Proteins WU Hai-jing;ZHA Xiao;ZHANG Guo-nan 2010, 37 (5):  306-310.  Abstract ( 1817 )   PDF (293KB) ( 4793 )   High-risk human papillomaviruses（HPV） are the main pathogen in cervical cancer. HPV E2 protein plays key roles in the regulation of viral gene transcription and DNA replication. It is composed of a COOH-terminal DNA-binding domain, an NH2-terminal transactivation domain and a flexible hinge. The E2 protein can repress the transcription of the oncogenes E6 and E7. Mutation or integration of the E2 protein is associated with cervical carcinogenesis. The genome integration of HPV usually disrupts E2 gene and causes an absence of E2 gene sequences. The lack of E2 gene could lead to the upregulated expression of E6 and E7 protein. The review will concentrate on the advances in the structure and function of HPV E2 proteins. Understanding the structure and function of HPV E2 proteins might provide a basis for the studies on cervical carcinogenesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Clinical Relationship Between Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer ZHANG Ai-peng;LI Ya-li 2010, 37 (5):  311-313.  Abstract ( 1541 )   PDF (212KB) ( 4721 )   The human papillomavirus （HPV） is the most commonly infection among women. Infection with certain types of HPV is recognised as a main reason for cervical precancerous lesion and invasive cervical cancer worldwide. Cervical cancer is the second most common malignant tumors in gynecology. Every year about 47 million new cases, and cause 23 million deaths around the world, with the development of molecular biology and epidemiology, HPV DNA testing and treatment become an important method of preventing cervical cancer. HPV vaccine research has entered a new era. With the more research about the relationship between HPV and cervical cancer, for making further research, this paper reviews the new progress of HPV and cervical cancer. Related Articles | Metrics

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New Progress in Cervical Cancer Screening FEI Hua-li;LU Wei-guo;XIE Xing 2010, 37 (5):  314-317.  Abstract ( 2420 )   PDF (207KB) ( 4686 )   Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in gynecology, which is the only cancer recommended by The World Health Organization to start screening throughout the world. The screening strategy is different from countries. The current methods are Pap smear, liquid-based cytology, HPV-DNA testing, visual inspection（VIA）, visual inspection with Lugol′s iodine（VILI） and so on. It is considerable to apply the reasonable strategy in different districts . Still several problems exist, such as screening crowd, screening interval and screening method and so on. This paper reviews these exist problems and the research progress in the current cervical screening methods and the feasibility of the combination of different screening methods. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Study on Sentinel Lymph Node Detection and It′s Micrometastasis in Early Cervical Cancer WANG Zhao-hong;LI Li 2010, 37 (5):  318-321.  Abstract ( 1559 )   PDF (210KB) ( 4759 )   As Lymph node metastasis is one of the earliest features of tumor cell spread in cervical cancer, assessment of the regional lymph nodes impacts the determining prognosis and planning adjuvant therapy directly. The sentinel lymph node（SLN） study, which could reflect the status of the entire pelvic lymphatic nodes, without removing all lymph nodes would spare most of patients with the loss of unaffected lymph nodes in early stage cervical cancer and give the chance of radical hysterectomy without pelvic lymphadenectomy. There are three techniques for sentinel lymph node identification; using blue dye alone, using 99Tcm colloid alone, or the combined method. Detecting micrometastases in lymph node with the use of immunohistochemistry IHC, the analysis of SCC-Ag levels or the determination of HPV status, may help to detect metastases of SLN. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progression of Tumor-suppressing Gene Methylation in Cervical Cancer LIU Yang;HU Yue;LING Zhi-qiang 2010, 37 (5):  322-324.  Abstract ( 1482 )   PDF (230KB) ( 4908 )   Cervical caner, the second most common gential tract malignancy in women, is a serious threat to women′s health and lives. Besides HR-HPV, some other factors are considered to be the mechanism of cervix neoplasms. This article reviewed the relationship of DNA methylation, especially the tumor-suppressing gene methylation and cervical cancer. Tumor-suppressing gene methylation is a common phenomenon in cervical cancer and is closely related with the carcinogensis. It provides a new way to the research of pathogenesis, screening and treatment of cervical cancer. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Study on Etiology of Ovarian Epithelial Cancer ZHANG Xu-yin;HUA Ke-qin 2010, 37 (5):  325-328.  Abstract ( 2502 )   PDF (253KB) ( 4779 )   It is difficulty for early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer, which lead to a high fatality rate. Effective early screening or treatment should be based on a detailed understanding of disease pathogenesis. The traditional view of ovarian cancer asserts that all tumor subtypes share a common origin in ovarian surface epithelium, but it has limitation. Fallopian tube as a site of origin may have been answered by a series of studies investigating the prevalence of occult fallopian tube cancer in women with germline BRCA gene mutations. We study ovarian surface epithelium and cortical inclusion cysts, two-pathway model and fallopian tube as a site of origin in order to help the early diagnosis and therapy of epithelial ovarian cancer. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relation Between the Parvovirus B19 and Pregnancy SUN Hong-xia;HE Jing 2010, 37 (5):  329-332.  Abstract ( 1498 )   PDF (219KB) ( 4711 )   Human parvovirus B19 is a small single-stranded DNA virus and a cytotoxicity to erythropoiesis. About 50% of women of childbearing age who do not possess protective IgG antibodies against B19V become susceptible persons. Infection with parvovirus B19 during pregnancy can cause several serious complications. such as miscarriage, fetal hydrops and fetal death. Parvovirus B19 diagnosis mainly rely on Testing maternal serum for antibodies. HPV-B19 DNA detection by PCR is very sensitive. Ultrasound investigation of the fetus and measurement of the peak systolic flow velocity of the middle cerebral artery are the effective means of non-invasive procedures to diagnose fetal anemia and hydrops. At present, there are no specific treatment protocol for acute parvovirus B19 infection. But early diagnosis and timely treatment of intrauterine parvovirus B19 infection is essential in preventing these fetal complications. Intrauterine transfusion is currently the only effective treatment to alleviate fetal anemia. Individual counseling of susceptible pregnant women will reduce probability of fetal deaths. if the fetus is（near） term, induction of delivery should be considered to reduce fetus risks. Development of a vaccine against B19 play a critical role in serum antibody-negative pregnant women. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Overview on Multiple Pathogenesis of Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy ZENG Ya-chang;TANG Hui 2010, 37 (5):  333-335.  Abstract ( 1612 )   PDF (226KB) ( 4708 )   Acute fatty liver of pregnancy（AFLP） is a serious complication in the late stage of gestation, which has complicated clinical manifestation with onset suddenly. It has serious maternal and perinatal mortality rate. The pathogenesis is not clear until now, since previous researches indicate that its outbreak mainly link to fatty acid oxidation deficiency（FAOD）. Recent years researches express its etiology not only relate with long-chain 3 hydroxyacyl-COA dehydrogenase（LCHAD）, but also with integrated factors like shortage of short or medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, variable or imperfect gene part of the mother and fetus, the accumulation of toxic caused by oxidative stress, the microbial infection including the germ helicoids and virus, hormone shift, the body mass index（BMI） and nutritional conditions change etc. All the various factors can relate and affect each other and present many different natures. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of Toll Like Receptor 2 and 4 and Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion ZHAI Hong-bo;XU Jian 2010, 37 (5):  336-339.  Abstract ( 1745 )   PDF (223KB) ( 5051 )   Maternal-fetal interface of the immune tolerance is essential to maintain normal pregnancy. Toll like receptor2（TLR2）and TLR4 are one of the important innate immune receptor molecules. TLR2 can recognize peptidoglycan, TLR4 can recognize lipopolysaccharide. Through the signal transduction mechanism, such as caused by NF-κB transcription factor activation and regulation of cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12 etc. A growing evidences show that these cytokines with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion（URSA） are closely related to Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance. This paper discusses the possible role of the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the placenta, as well as in URSA in summary. Related Articles | Metrics

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DNA Methylation and Its Progress TAO Ye;WANG Yong 2010, 37 (5):  340-343.  Abstract ( 2139 )   PDF (235KB) ( 6145 )   Epigenetics is a heritable alteration of the genetic function without an alteration in DNA sequence. Methylation is one of the most cardinal forms of epigenetic modification, which is a tie between genotype and phenotype. Under the regulation of DNA methyltransferases, DNA methylation hands down by heredity during the proliferation and differentiation of cells. The difference of DNA methylation in eukaryote plays a significant role in the regulation of gene expression in different ways. Nowadays, with the help of the development in the research technique of DNA methylation, humans are manding the pace in exploring DNA methylation. Pleasant progress has come out especially in the research of some diseases such as cancer. Actually, DNA methylation has become a hotspot in the field of Biology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cell Adhesion Molecules and Endometriosis ZHANG Rong-yan;WU Rui-jin;LIN Jun 2010, 37 (5):  344-346.  Abstract ( 1789 )   PDF (217KB) ( 4930 )   Cell adhesion molecules are transmembrance receptors that facilitate intercellular binding and cellular interaction with the extracellular matrix. They play important roles in infiltration and metastasis of the tumor. Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disease in women of reproductive age. The etiology and pathogenesis of endometiosis are still unclear. The function of eutopic and ectopic endometrial CAMs has been a focus of recent studies concerning the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Specific alterations in endometrial and peritoneal CAMs could facilitate binding of reflux menstruated endometrium at ectopic sites. In addition， the expression of CAMs by endometriotic lesions has been investigated to help understand mechanisms involved in the maintenance of endometrial tissue in ectopic locations. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction of endometrium with peritoneal tissues may provide new strategies to prevent endometriotic implants from forming and help treat existing lesions. This report reviewed the roles of cell adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research of Endometrial Stem Cells and Its Significance in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis YUAN Hua;GONG Jian 2010, 37 (5):  347-350.  Abstract ( 1639 )   PDF (219KB) ( 4793 )   The pathogenesis of endometriosis is multifactorial. More and more studies attempt to isolate and characterize endometrial stem/progenitor cells. These stem cells possibly reside in the stromal of the basal layer. Currently, no known markers are specific for the endometrial stem/progenitor cells. There are perhaps at least two endometrial stem cells, including endometrium-derived and bone marrow-derived stem cells, which likely migrate to ectopic sites through retrograde menstrual flow or via the circulation and form endometriotic implants in specific microenvironment. It shows that endometriosis maybe a stem cell disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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Estrogen Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Endometriosis NI Jie;GU Lin;SHI Ying-li 2010, 37 (5):  351-354.  Abstract ( 1694 )   PDF (255KB) ( 4869 )   Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease. Estrogen regulates the expression of several genes in combination with its receptor（ER）, thus playing an important physiological action. As a result, the change in ER may affect the biological effect of estrogen. Recent studies suggest that ER gene polymorphisms has an association with the risk of endometriosis, which is of significant to reveal the development, diagnosis, therapeutics and prognosis of endometriosis. This review summarizes current studies on correlation between ER gene polymorphisms and endometriosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current Situation of the Treatments for Adenomyosis JIANG Xiao-xiang;XIANG Shuang-wei 2010, 37 (5):  355-358.  Abstract ( 1576 )   PDF (229KB) ( 4738 )   Two treatments for adenomyosis are by pharmacology and surgery. The clinical commonly used medicines are gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, oral contraceptives, androgen derivatives, progesterone hormones, mifepristone; the efficacy of aromatase inhibitors and cycloo-xygenase-2 inhibitors for adenomyosis is being studied now; anti-invasion medicines, anti-angiogenesis medicines, receptor interference and gene therapy will be gradually used for the treatments for adenomyosis. Surgical treatments for adenomyosis includes radical surgery and conservative surgery. The radical surgery is hysterectomy. The conservative surgery includes endometrial resection, myometrial adenomyomas or uterine lesion resection, pelvic denervation surgery, laparoscopic uterine artery blockage, uterine artery embolization and magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound surgery （MRgFUS） and so on. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Progression on the Relationship Between Cytochrome P450 19 and Sexhormone Dependence Diseases YE Pei;WANG Yong 2010, 37 (5):  359-362.  Abstract ( 1682 )   PDF (246KB) ( 4701 )   Aromatase cytochrome p450, encoded by the Cytochrome P450 19 （CYP19） gene, is a key enzyme in estradiol biosynthesis, which catalyzes the conversion of androstenedione and testosterone to estrone and estradiol, respectively. P450arom exists in many normal tissues such as ovary, fat and adrenal gland. The CYP19 gene codes for aromatase. Its tissue specificity determines the physical or pathological effects of P450arom in different tissues. The hyperfunction of CYP19 gene leads to the increase of its product P450arom, which induces occurrence and development in many estrogen dependent diseases such as endometrial carcinoma, endometriosis, breast cancer; the insufficiency of CYP19 gene leads to the accumulation of its upper substrate androgen, which can be observed in polycystic ovary syndrome（PCOS）. Now summarize the structure, adjusting mechanisms of CYP19 and the relationship between CYP19 and estrogen dependent diseases, PCOS. Meanwhile put forward prospects towards basic researches and clinic treatments of these dieases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Research on Mechanisms for Drug Resistance of Candida Albicans MA Yao-mei;ZHU Ying-jun;WANG Ying-hong 2010, 37 (5):  363-366.  Abstract ( 1574 )   PDF (257KB) ( 5337 )   The incidence of candidiasis caused by Candida albicans has increased dramatically in recent years. With the widespread use of antifungal agents, the emergence of medicine resistant strains poses a major challenge to drug treatment. Antimicrobial drug resistance mechanisms can largely be classified into two broad categories. The first category includes mechanisms to bypass the effects of the antimicrobial on the cell. Such mechanisms include alterations in the drug target that block drug binding or increased production of multidrug transporters that simply remove the drug from the cell. The second category includes the stress reaction of the cell to cope with drug. Such mechanisms include metabolic alterations that minimize the toxicity of the drug, as well as the activation of chaperones and signal transduction cascades dedicated to sensing and responding to various stresses. Related Articles | Metrics

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Inhibition of STAT 3 Expression by RNA Interference on Location and Metastasis in Human Cervical Carcinoma SiHa Cells WU Wei-guang;CHEN Ya-qiong;CHEN Xiao 2010, 37 (5):  367-369.  Abstract ( 1532 )   PDF (530KB) ( 4652 )   Objective： To explore the effects of eukaryotic vector expressing short hairpin RNA （shRNA） targeting signal transducers and activators of transcription 3（STAT3） on the location and metastasis of human cervical carcinoma SiHa cells. Methods： The shRNA templates was designed based on STAT 3 gene sequence and was cloned into pSilencer2.1-U6-neo vector. The resultant plasmid was transfected into SiHa cells with Lipofectamine 2000. The Western blot and RT-PCR were used to detect STAT3 protein and mRNA respectively. The colony formation assay and Transwell cabin assay were performed to measure the location and metastasis of SiHa cells. Results： The plasmid pSTAT3-siRNA was successfully constructed and transfected into SiHa cells. The expressions of STAT3 in SiHa cells decreased. At the same time， the number of colony formation in soft agar and cells penetrating matrigel also decreased. Conclusions： The STAT 3 specific shRNA expression vector could inhibit the cellular location and metastasis of cervical cancer cells through suppressing the STAT 3 expression. Related Articles | Metrics