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15 February 2011, Volume 38 Issue 1
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To Play the Role of Magazines in the Translational Medicine LANG Jing-he 2011, 38 (1):  1-2.  Abstract ( 1597 )   PDF (192KB) ( 4755 )   Translational medicine refers to the change from Bedside to Bench or the reverse“Double B” transforming, and establishes the combination of the two, in order to promote the development of medical research and clinical medicine. Medical researches include the clinical research, the basic clinical research and the basic research, the latter two paticularly should focus on transforming. Magazines should play a positive promoting role in overcoming the barriers during the transforming, in paying more attention to the discrepancy between clinical application and experimental study, especially the “therapeutical misconception（TMC）”, and in puttinig the concept of translational medicine deeply into the doctor’s clinical practice, teaching and research activities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current Opinion in Developmental Origins of Health and Diseas ZENG Chan-juan;YANG Hui-xia 2011, 38 (1):  3-8.  Abstract ( 2034 )   PDF (342KB) ( 5184 )   Environmental factors during early life in development have been shown to influence the susceptibility to develop diseases in later life. In particular, there is a wealth of evidence from both epidemiological and animal studies for greater effect on an offspring′s risk of developing adult chronic diseases （including hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, obesity, et al） as a result of unbalanced maternal nutrition, ranging from poor to rich environments. These findings indicate new bridges of causality, inferring the possibility of early establishment of persistent metabolic and physiological adjustments that determine morbid outcomes throughout life, grouped as the developmental origins of health and disease（DOHaD）. The mechanisms by which nutritional insults during a period of developmental plasticity result in adult metabolic phenotype are now beginning to receive considerable scientific interest, in particular the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of key metabolic genes in response to nutritional stimuli that mediate persistent changes and an adult metabolic phenotype, a continued and greater understanding of these mechanisms will eventually allow specific interventions, with a favorable impact on the global incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Overview of Visfatin/PBEF with Pregnancy LUO Xue-mei;WANG Chen-hong 2011, 38 (1):  9-11.  Abstract ( 1867 )   PDF (208KB) ( 4782 )   Visfatin/pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor（PBEF） has recently been identified as a novel adipokine with insulin-mimetic effects and a regulatory factor in pro-inflammatory and immunomodulating processes. Visfatin is mainly expressed in adipose tissue, with particularly high level in both visceral and omental adipose tissue. Some clinical associated studies confirmed the association of visfatin and GDM, pre-eclampsia, metabolic syndrome, intrauterine growth restriction. Similarly, the relationship of visfatin with parameters of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance were contradictory, and overall there was no clear effect of visfatin on metabolism, normal and complicated pregnancies. Over the last few years, it has become obvious that obesity and various components of the metabolic syndrome are strongly linked with the adipokine such as visfatin/PBEF. The review aims to summarize reported findings concerning the role of visfatin/PBEF in normal and complicated pregnancies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathology and Pregnancy Outcome of Mid-pregnancy Vaginal Bleeding GONG Fang-hong;GU Jiang-hong 2011, 38 (1):  12-16.  Abstract ( 1381 )   PDF (313KB) ( 4861 )   Mid-pregnancy vaginal bleeding is the common obstetric emergency， for its causes are complicated including placenta factors, cervix factors, corpus factors, vagina factors, pertinent disease of gravidity and whole body disease etc and the gestational age is small it often causes difficulties in clinical treatment. People with mid-pregnancy vaginal bleeding whose preterm delivery rate, cesarean section rate, perinatal mortality is significantly increased, and the average gestational age at delivery, average perinatal birth weight is decreased in varied degree. To compare the mid-pregnancy vaginal bleeding patients who had abnormal ultrasound findings and no abnormal ultrasound findings. The former appears more significantly increased risk of adverse outcomes. So ultrasonography can be a powerful tool to predict the outcome of mid-pregnancy vaginal bleeding. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Role of Gene in the Pathogenesis of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension HAN Yun;XU You-di 2011, 38 (1):  17-20.  Abstract ( 1385 )   PDF (273KB) ( 4856 )   Pregnancy induced hypertension（PIH） is a characteristic disease of pregnant women with high morbidity, which does great harm to the pregnant, the fetus, and the newborns. It is one of the main causes of increasing mortality of the pregnant women and the puerperal babies. In nearly half a century, domestic and foreign scholars have done a lot of studies about its pathogenesis, such as producing excessive inflammatory response, endothelial injury, oxidative stress, maternal-fetal immune imbalance, trophoblastic ischemia, genetic susceptibility and other theories, but its pathogenesis has not yet been clarified. Recently many studies have found it has a higher genetic predisposition, associated with some gene polymorphisms and it is easier to develop to primary hypertension. Related gene mutation can cause abnormal gene expression, result in abnormalities of the number and function of gene products, so that induce PIH. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Role of NLRP 7 Gene in Hydatidiform Mole ZHOU Wei;QIAN Jian-hua 2011, 38 (1):  21-23.  Abstract ( 1546 )   PDF (254KB) ( 4756 )   Hydatidiform mole （HM） is a gestational trophoblastic disease （GTD） characterized by proliferation of the pregnancy-associated trophoblastic tissue. With the widespread use of ultrasound, early diagnosis and treatment of hydatidiform mole is possible, but the diagnosis is still based on histopathology. The treatment of hydatidiform mole is difficult, and the prognosis of this disease is not vary good especially in recurrent hydatidiform mole. The mechanism of hydatidiform mole remains unclear. Different type of mole and the wrong chromosome gene imprinting have been found in genetics. Recently, the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich containing, pyrin domain containing 7 （NLRP 7） gene is found to connected with recurrent hydatidiform mole. This article will have a review of NLRP 7 gene in the role of hydatidiform mole. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Study of Pelvic Floor Functional Reconstruction in Postpartum ZHANG Ke;HE Jing 2011, 38 (1):  24-28.  Abstract ( 2092 )   PDF (307KB) ( 4873 )   The pelvic floor dysfunction （PFD） includes pelvic organ prolapse （POP）, urinary inontinence （UI）, and fecal incontinence （FI）. It is not only common disease of women but also one of the five diseases influencing factors in anthropic life-quality. Although there are many causes leading to PFD, the pregnancy and delivery are a highly absolute etilogical factor of PFD by recently reports. The influence of pelvic structure and function by pregnancy and delivery, pathogenesis and risk factors of PFD in postpartum, and the therapeutic methods, the benefit or unbenefit and advances in diagnosis and treatment of presently usual rehabilitative such as pelvic floor muscle training electrical stimulation, biofeedback, and so on are summarized. Related Articles | Metrics

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Endometriosis and CYP 19 Gene Polymorphisms WANG Dan-han;WANG Le-dan;LU Jie-qiang 2011, 38 (1):  29-32.  Abstract ( 2055 )   PDF (273KB) ( 4739 )   Endometriosis（EMs） is one of the common gynecological diseases, the pathology showed benign morphological changes of but with a similar malignant tumors characteristics of planting, erosion and distant metastasis. EMs is an estrogen-dependent diseases, CYP 19 gene expression is closely related to the production of estrogen, and its mutations may alter estrogen exposure, thereby affecting the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Currently on the CYP 19 gene polymorphism and the relationship between EMs are still controversial and need further study to clarify the role of the aromatase gene polymorphism in the occurrence of EMs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Review on the Relationship Between EZRIN and Endometriosis JIANG Qiao-ying;WU Rui-jin 2011, 38 (1):  33-36.  Abstract ( 2423 )   PDF (245KB) ( 4725 )   Endometriosis is a disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue including glands and stromas outside the uterine cavity, but the pathogenesis and etiology of endometriosis have not yet been understood thoroughly. Although endometriosis is a benign and chronic disease, it has some characters similar to the malignant tumors at the abilities of distant metastases and plant growth, such as invasion, proliferation, new angiogenesis and apoptosis. EZRIN belongs to ERM （ezrin-radixin-moesin） family of cytoskeletal proteins. This protein acts as a linker between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. It is involved in cell adhesion and membrane ruffling and is very important for the formation of diverse actin-rich cell-surface structures. It also plays an important role in cell morphology, adhesiveness, migration, division, and so on. This review focuses on the structure and functions of EZRIN and the effects of EZRIN on the various human tumors and gynecological diseases, especially the effects on the endometriosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Expression and the Role of Nitric Oxide Within Cervical Microenvironment Related to HPV Infection WEI Xue-min;SUI Long 2011, 38 (1):  37-40.  Abstract ( 2124 )   PDF (232KB) ( 4711 )   Although persistent infection with an high-risk human papilloma virus（HPV）is thought to be necessary for most cervical tumorigenesis， most infections have been shown to regress spontaneously under an effective immune response， often within a few months. So understanding the factors that affect the balance between viral persistence and viral clearance and the role of the immune system in these processes is important. As HPV infection happens in the local of female lower genital tract， the local immune milieu in the lesion plays an important role. Recent researches show that nitric oxide（NO）is a key component in inflammation-accelerated tumorigenesis. HPV infection and other risk factors for cervical cancer（e.g. smoking， multiparity， inflammation）can lead to high local NO concentration in the cervix， which may result in malignant progression. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and Progress of Ultrasound in Female Stress Urinary Incontinence SONG Mei;ZHU Jian-ping;JIANG Li 2011, 38 (1):  41-44.  Abstract ( 2255 )   PDF (234KB) ( 4726 )   Stress urinary incontinence is a common disease that influences the aged women′s life. It is mainly due to the destruction of the normal pelvic floor structure and morphology or the dysfunction of the pelvic floor. Two-dimensional ultrasound imaging can clearly show the pelvic floor structure and its dynamic changes under different conditions. It has a unique superiority especially for the urethra, bladder and their surrounding structures. It also can show the location of the sling dynamically after the sling procedure which has been popular in recent years. Three- dimensional ultrasound imaging can clearly show not only the morphology of the pelvic diaphragm hiatus, but also the shape and changed angle of the sling. Ultrasound provides a reference of clinical diagnosis and operative effect for the female stress urinary incontinence with the morphological and functional changes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress About Relationship Between Matriptase and Gynecological Malignancies WANG Xue-chun;SUN Peng-ming;JIANG Zhong-qing 2011, 38 (1):  45-48.  Abstract ( 2393 )   PDF (227KB) ( 4782 )   Tumor progression and metastasis is a complicated pathologic process, in which multiple proteases such as metalloproteases and the plasminogen activation system play a fundamental role. They mediate the degradation of extracellular matrix and the activation of membrane protein hydrolysis to allow migration of the cells into the extracellular environment. Matriptase is a type Ⅱ transmembrane trypsin-like serine protease expressed by epithelial original cells. Moreover, it is overexpressed in a lot of human cancers. It has been suggested that this protease may activate oncogenic pathways and be involved in the progress of tumor invasion and metastasis. This review summarizes current knowledge about matriptase and the structure, function of matriptase as well as the potential relationship with gynecological malignant tumors. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Research Progress of MicroRNA on Gynecological Cancer MAO Xiao-dan;SUN Peng-ming 2011, 38 (1):  49-52.  Abstract ( 1631 )   PDF (232KB) ( 4786 )   MicroRNA（miRNA）, which are small noncoding RNAs of 21-25 nucleotides in length existed in animals and plants, is characteristic of high conservation and endogenous. They regulate the expression of genes and take part in cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis, DNA hypomethylation, chromphil change and so on. The article elaborares miRNA whose biosynthesis, mechanism of action and improvements of some studies in gynecological neoplasms. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in the Relationships Between Deleted in Liver Cancer Genes Family and Tumors ZHANG Hai-ling;SHI Hui-rong 2011, 38 (1):  53-55.  Abstract ( 1473 )   PDF (267KB) ( 4758 )   Deleted in liver cancer genes （DLCs） family is found in several human tissues, and expresses Rho GTPase activation proteins（RhoGAP）. Recent studies have suggested that DLCs were underexpressed or absent in various types of human cancers. DLCs negatively regulated Rho proteins, focal adhension proteins and their downstream effectors to restraint cellular cytoskeletal formation and focal adhesion reorganization and played important roles in tomorigenesis, cell proliferation, invasion and migration, DLCs proteins play roles in estrogen, progestin and insulin related tumors, since they can regulate the activities of DLCs proteins by post-translational modification. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Robotic Surgery in the Surgical Treatment of Gynecologic Malignancies DING Yu-lan;ZHAO Wei-dong 2011, 38 (1):  56-59.  Abstract ( 1546 )   PDF (243KB) ( 4718 )   In recent years, the emergence of robotic laparoscopic techniques has promoted the minimally invasive technology entering a new stage. Robotic techniques are gradually being used to perform gynecologic malignancy surgical treatment procedures, mainly for radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection in patients with cervical cancer but also for radical trachelectomy, pelvic and paraaotic lymph node staging for advanced cervical cancer, pelvic exenteration for recurrent cervical cancer. The reports of robot endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer staging surgery cases are also increasing gradually. Now reports of robotic surgery are mostly retrospective studies, lack of randomized large samples of comparative studies. The technology is in its infancy. In order to make comprehensive evaluation, its indications and results of operations require substantial clinical explorations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Determing the Relationship Between Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells and Chemoresistance WU Kai-yuan;SHI Hui-rong 2011, 38 (1):  60-63.  Abstract ( 1460 )   PDF (225KB) ( 4740 )   A major problem in the treatment of ovarian cancer is the high percentage of recurrence and chemoresistance. Cancer stem cells（CSCs） can proliferate indefinitely, be proved enhancing chemoresistance and indicate a close relationship with chemoresistance. CSCs with definite cell surface maker can be separated from chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells, they can provide a reservoir of cells that can self-renew, maintain the tumor which make up the bulk of the tumor and may be the primary source of recurrence and chemoresistance. According to the special cell-surface marker and making chemotherapeutics selectively binding with ovarian cancer stem cells, can eliminate cancer recurrence and chemoresistance thoroughly and provide more effective chemotherapy shedules. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Nerve Growth Factor and Its Receptor in Ovarian Cancer XU Song;TONG Jin-yi 2011, 38 (1):  64-67.  Abstract ( 2225 )   PDF (256KB) ( 4716 )   Nerve growth factor（NGF）is a poly-peptide hormone of neurotrophin family. It can stimulate the growth of nerve fibers, besides, it also has the impact on certain kinds of tumor by autocrine and paracrine secretion, and result in the modulation of tumor generation, development and metastasis. Regarding the ovarian cancer, after bind to its receptor TrkA and p75, NGF can enhance the formation of cancer’s supplemental vessels, influence the level of cytokine, thereby it will play an important role in the development, invasion and metastasis of ovarian tumor. When we recognize the mechanism of NGF, it will open a new vision on ovarian tumor of early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Karyotype of Amniotic Fluid Cells from 3 800 Fetus and Related Genetic Counseling SUN Li-juan;LI Yan;ZHANG Xiu-ling;SHI Yun-fang;LI Xiao-zhou;ZHANG Ying 2011, 38 (1):  68-71.  Abstract ( 2725 )   PDF (216KB) ( 4963 )   Objective: In order to constitute a basis for genetic counseling, we studied the relationship between fetal chromosomal aberrations and prenatal diagnosis indications, and analyzed the security of amniocentesis. Methods: Fetal chromosomal karyotypes were examined in 3 800 pregnant women with amniotic cell culture in accordance with the indications for prenatal diagnosis. We studied the abnormal rate of fetal chromosomal karyotypes, searched the distribution of chromosomal abnormalities and the relationship between fetal chromosomal abnormalities and prenatal diagnosis indications. We also followed the outcome of amniocentesis to evaluate the security of amniocentesis. Results: The success rate of first amniotic cell culture was 99.26%（3 772/3 800）. The success rate of second amniotic cell culture was 99.97%（3 795/3 796）. One hundred and twenty cases chromosomal aberrations were detected in 3 795 cases and the abnormal rate was 3.16%. Of which, 61 cases were numeric abnormalities（1.61%, 61/3 795）, 22 cases were structural abnormalities（0.58%, 22/3 795）and 37 cases were polymorphism（0.97%, 37/3 795）. According to cases of the pregnant women participated in prenatal diagnosis, the top three were Down′s high-risk（3 541 cases）, history of adverse-pregnant (95 cases) and advanced maternal age（≥35, 83 cases）. According to the number of fetal chromosomal aberrations detected, the top three were Down′s high-risk（103 cases）, abnormal chromosome carriers（8 cases）and advanced maternal age（4 cases）. Different indications for prenatal diagnosis in the abnormal rate is different, and the top three were abnormal chromosome carriers（38.10%, 8/21, only one case had clinical significance）, abnormal ultrasonographic findings （9.38%, 3/32）and advanced maternal age（4.82%, 4/83）. In Down′s high-risk group, the abnormal rate in women with old maternal age and the young women had significant difference（χ2=4.342, P <0.05）. Women with only old maternal age compared with women with old maternal age in Down′s high-risk group, the abnormal rate had no significant difference（χ2=0.157, P >0.05）. Lost rate of fetal was 0.237% (9/3 800). Dead rate of fetal in uterus was 0.053%（2/3 800）. Conclusions: First, prenatal diagnosis should be offered to pregnant woman with Down′s high-risk, old maternal age and abnormal ultrasonographic findings. Second, amniocentesis is a safe method. Third, it′s necessary to supply individualized genetic counseling to high risk pregnant woman according to related experimental data. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Sperm Morphology on Pregnancy Result in in-Vitro-Fertilization and Embryo Transfer LI Xiao-ye;BAI Xiao-hong;SONG Xue-ru;LU Rui;WANG Yan-xia 2011, 38 (1):  72-75.  Abstract ( 1518 )   PDF (305KB) ( 4753 )   Objective: To Analyze the relation between the sperm parameters and cleavage rate, the quality of embryos and the pregnancy rate, investigate the impact of sperm morphology on spermatozoal functions in in-vitro-fertilization. Methods: We only included couples whose fertilization rate was 100%. A total of 82 cycles were included in our study. Before and after density gradient centrifugation, sperm morphology was evaluated by Diff-Quik stain according to the WHO criterion. The normal proportion of normal morphology sperm is ≥14%, and ＜14% is abnormal. Investigate and analyze the change of sperm parameters before and after density gradient centrifugation, female patient’s age, endometrium thickness, and sperm parameters. Compare morphology, normal fertilization rate, cleavage rate, the quality of embryos and the pregnancy rate between two groups before and after sperm preparation. Results: ①After density gradient centrifugation, all of 82 samples semen density reduced and sperm motility improved significantly. ②Before sperm preparation, 11 samples（13.41%）were normal and 71 (86.59%) were abnormal; after preparation, 34（41.46%）samples were normal and 48（58.53%）were abnormal. The normal proportion of normal morphology sperm of abnormal samples improved obviously（P ＜0.01）, median（P25, P75） are 8.15%（6.38%, 10.50%）vs. 12.41% （9.98%, 18.58%）. ③There are no significant difference in density and motility between normal and abnormal groups before spem preparation（P ＞0.05）. ④Follow up analysis showed that the normal group had no higher clinical pregnancy rate and higher quality embryos rate （P ＞0.05） but higher cleavage rate（P ＜0.05）than the abnormal one. ⑤There were no significant differences for endometrium thickness and sperm parameters except the couples age between two groups of pregnancy or not. Conclusion: There is no significant prognosis of human normal morphology sperm rate on pregnancy outcomes of IVF-ET. Density gradient centrifugation can increase the normal morphology sperm percentage. The selection of the insemination methods should be made according to the results after density gradient centrifugation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Rreducing Dose of Mifepristone Combined with Misaprontol for Menstrual Regulation GUO Li-na;SU Jing;GU Xiang-ying 2011, 38 (1):  76-78.  Abstract ( 1496 )   PDF (247KB) ( 4852 )   Objective: To study clinical efficacy of lower dose of mifepristone combined with misoprostol. Methods: 120 women with amenorrhea less than 37 days for 2 groups randomly. Sixty women in group of lower dosage （experimental group）: these women were dosed with mifepristone 100 mg for oral taken and oral cavity misoprostol 0.4 mg for sublingual taken. Sixty women in group of conventional dosage（control group）: these women were dosed with mifepristone 150 mg and misoprostol 0.6 mg for oral taken. Under the premise of reducing the mifepristone and misoprostol dosage, check the women′s complete abortion rate, bleeding time after taking medicine, abortion time and side effects to see if they were superior than conventional scheme. Results: Three women and 2 women were not pregnant confirmed by serum hCG test in group of lower dosage and group of conventional dosage, vaginal bleeding（i.e. the menses）appeared after they took the medicine.There was no obvious difference in complete abortion rate of group of lower dosage and group of conventional dosage（P > 0.05）. Mean abortion time of group of conventional dosage was superior than that of group of lower dosage（P <0.05）; there was no obvious difference in bleeding time of group of lower dosage and group of conventional dosage after dosing（P > 0.05）. Side effects in group of lower dosage and group of conventional dosage were significant difference（P < 0.05）.Conclusion: Effect of mifepristone with misoprostol in small dosage for amenorrhea ≤37 d women′s hastening menses and preventing pregnancy was feasible and side effects were less. Related Articles | Metrics

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Gynecologic Problem of the Cesarean Sections LU Dong-hong;SHI Yi-fu 2011, 38 (1):  79-81.  Abstract ( 1596 )   PDF (245KB) ( 4905 )   Objective：To analyze gynecologic problems after cesarean section. Methods：The gynecologic problems of women after cesarean section, who worked in the same workplace, were investigated retrospectively in 20 years. Results：In 176 cases after cesarean section, 7 cases（3.98%） showed obstetric problems in short-term and 142 cases（80.68%） showed gynecologic problems. The key problems were menstrual change, abdominal pain and lumbago, urologic symptoms, the adhesion between uterus and abdominal wall, infection and ulceration of the uterus incision, endometriosis in abdominal wall, intestinal adhesion, ectopic pregnancy and pelvic congestion syndrome. Conclusion：The indication of cesarean section should be strictly monitored to avoid the gynecologic complications after cesarean section. Related Articles | Metrics