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15 October 2011, Volume 38 Issue 5
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Uterine Compression Sutures: Yesterday， Today and Tomorrow Ying Hao 2011, 38 (5):  375-377.  Abstract ( 1601 )   PDF (203KB) ( 4856 )   Since the publication of the landmark article of B-Lynch suture， the widespread application of B-Lynch suture has been used to control postpartum hemorrhage throughout the world. Although the classic uterine compression suture has been used with good results， new modifications， uterine compression sutures combined with adjunctive methods treating with postpartum hemorrhage and new indications of sutures are still being reported. The unresolved issues about compression sutures are overviewed and the future of research is prospected in the article. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Overview of Metabolomics Technologies and Their Application to Obstetrics Research LUO Xue-mei;WANG Chen-hong 2011, 38 (5):  378-382.  Abstract ( 1433 )   PDF (294KB) ( 4821 )   The development of ′Omic′（genomics，transcriptomics，proteomics，and metabolomics） technologies has been accelerated in the post-genomic era since ′Omic′molecules represent the interaction of genes and environment or the functional genome. Metabolomics is a post genomic research field concerned with developing methods for analysis of low molecular weight compounds in biological systems，such as cells，organs or organisms. Metabolomics strategies，employed analytical technologies and data analysis，are of particular interest in the search for predictive disease biomarkers and have additional relevance in understanding pathophysiology and the development of molecularly targeted therapeutics. Numerous analytical platforms have been used for metabolomics applications，such as NMR，Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） and mass spectrometry （MS） coupled to separation techniques or using direct flow injection. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of widely employed techniques，putting the current status of the field of metabolomics in context，and providing examples of applications to obstetrics research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological Proof Between Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pregnancy HOU Hai-yan;XU Hui-jun;CHEN Ya-qiong 2011, 38 (5):  383-385.  Abstract ( 1944 )   PDF (244KB) ( 4782 )   The effects of environment on human reproductive health is already a worldwide topic，the results of reports abroad were different，but many different metals，organic solvents，pesticides，tobacco smoke，air pollutants did adverse effects on couples’ reproductive function. All kinds of pesticides and occupational exposure were associated with spontaneous abortion. We should fully understand the environment factors on human reproductive capacity and pregnancy outcomes，which could improve population quality and make living condition better. This essay summarized the studies abroad between environment chemical pollutants and reproductive capacity，spontaneous abortion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Epigenetics’s Research Progress in Obstetrics CHANG Ying;CHEN Xu 2011, 38 (5):  386-389.  Abstract ( 1398 )   PDF (236KB) ( 4772 )   Epigenetics is the study branch of genetic variation of apparent genetics. In recent years，with further research，epigenetics displays their invaluable role and broad prospects in human growth and development period and the idiopathic pregnant diseases and their prevention and control. In mammalian germ cells and preimplantation developmental stages，its occurs genome methylation patterns through the large-scale demethylation and then re-methylation reprogramming，resulting in a developmental potential cells. Environmental factors during pregnancy，including exposure to toxic hazardous substances，endocrine disruptors，as well as food，medicines can change the epigenetic model，leading to various diseases in pregnant women and their offspring. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Research Progress of Toll-like Receptors at the Maternal-fetal Interface and the Relationship with Preterm Labor LIU Rong;HUANG Jian 2011, 38 (5):  390-393.  Abstract ( 1814 )   PDF (223KB) ( 4785 )   Preterm labor endanger perinatal health and pregnancy complications. Infection has been recognized to be closely related to the occurrence of preterm labor. Toll-like receptors （TLRs） form the major family of pattern recognition receptors（PRR） that are involved in innate immunity and regulating adaptive immunization. TLRs is found to be expressed on maternal-fetal interface widely. TLRs take part in immunological reaction on maternal-fetal interface，protecting the fetus from infection of pathogenic microorganism and mediating the immune tolerance between maternal and fetal. There are increasing investigates adout the relationship of disorderd action of TLRs and preterm labor. The expression of TLRs in placenta，amniotic and decidua and its possible mechanism of action in preterm labor are reviewed in this paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Toll-like Receptors and Spontaneous Abortion ZHANG Hong-xia;XU Jian 2011, 38 (5):  394-397.  Abstract ( 1528 )   PDF (235KB) ( 4822 )   Successful pregnancy is attributed to the maternal-fetal immune tolerance. Spontaneous abortion may be induced by intrauterine infection which can initiate the maternal immune system to reject the fetal. Toll-like receptors（TLRs）form the major family of pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune system and play an important role in maintaining normal pregnancy and promoting the development of spontaneous abortion because TLRs are involved in the innate immune responses against microorganisms at the maternal-fetal interface. The interaction between TLRs and invading pathogen can active the innate immune system to resist infection，at the same time，spontaneous abortion may be induced because the immune response may make microenvironment at the maternal-fetal interface change. At the maternal-fetal interface，inflammatory cytokines can be released imbalancedly，innate immune cells may be activated inappropriately，which may lead to trophoblast cells excessive apoptosis and eventually result in abortion. TLRs is also associated with antiphospholipid mediating thrombosis at the maternal-fetal interface and fetal loss. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Pathogenesis and Treatment Updates of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion with Immune Type LIU Chang-ming;CONG Lin 2011, 38 (5):  398-401.  Abstract ( 2091 )   PDF (275KB) ( 4976 )   The pathogenesis of recurrent spontaneous abortion（RSA）is complex，there are nearly 50% RSA for unexplained reasons. Recurrent spontaneous abortion with immune type is the focus of spontaneous abortion research in recent years. The abnormalities of maternal immune system and decidual microenvironment are correlated with RSA of immune type. The pathogenesis of autoimmune RSA was mainly associated with anti-phosphlipid antibody（APLA），while that of alloimmune RSA was due to the imbalance of multi-kinds of immune cells and cytokines. Currently there are several methods for RSA treatment；none of them was publicly established. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mucosal Dendritic Cells in the Genital Tract Immuology LI Li;HUANG Li-li 2011, 38 (5):  402-406.  Abstract ( 2049 )   PDF (246KB) ( 4882 )   Dendritic cells（DCs）are the most potent antigen-presenting cell（APC）and play important roles in innate immune defense as well as in adaptive immunity. The female genital tract is immunologically unique in its requirement for immunity against a wide array of pathogens and for tolerance the allogeneic sperm and the semi-allogeneic embryo. This review summarizes the latest advances in our understanding of DCs in the genital tract with respect to their subsets，lineage，and function. Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular Mechanism and Management in Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome SHEN Wen-juan;KUANG Hong-ying;ZHANG Yue-hui;WU Xiao-ke;HOU Li-hui 2011, 38 (5):  407-410.  Abstract ( 1895 )   PDF (274KB) ( 4856 )   Polycystic ovary syndrome（PCOS）is one of the most common endocrine disorder with a variety of clinical manifestations among women of reproductive age. Its features include chronic anovulation，multicystic morphology of ovaries，hyperandrogenism. In recent years，insulin resistance（IR）has been regarded as one of the mechanisms of the development of PCOS，and is also associated with the hyperandrogenemia and dysfunction of ovaries. Many researches have been done on the molecular mechanism of IR in PCOS，which might provide a theory foundation for the treatment. This review thus focuses on the molecular mechanism and treatment of insulin resistance in patients with PCOS. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current Situation of Prevention of Intrauterine Adhesion After Intrauterine Operation WANG Qin;XU Xue-xian 2011, 38 (5):  411-414.  Abstract ( 2034 )   PDF (237KB) ( 4899 )   Intrauterine adhesion is a common complication after intrauterine operation and is one of the main causes leading to uteral infertility. The most important programme for IUA is prevention，oral contraceptives and the insertion of an intrauterine device are widely used clinically and have contraceptive effect at the same time. The placement of balloon catheter needs hospitalization and broad-spectrum antibiotic administered postoperation to prevent ascending infection from the vagina. In the applying of adhesion prevention products，the patients′ economy condition should be taken into consideration. The effective of Amnion graft need further research to confirm. Early second-look with a flexible hysteroscope in the office setting is the tendency. Related Articles | Metrics

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Roles of EZH2 Histone Methyltransferase in Tumorigenesis ZHU Jing;ZHANG Shu;DI Wen 2011, 38 (5):  415-418.  Abstract ( 4421 )   PDF (253KB) ( 5052 )   The Polycomb group（PcG）protein family is a group of gene regulatory elements playing roles in embryonic development，which functioning in tow distinct protein complexes termed Polycomb-repressive complex 1（PRC1） and Polycomb-repressive complex 2（PRC2）. EZH2 is the catalytic subunit of PRC2，which is a highly conserved histone methyltransferase that targets lysine-27 of histone H3. Most studies on human tumors show that EZH2 is over-expression in a variety of tumors，including prostate and breast. Although the mechanism of EZH2 with cancer progression is not determined，functional link between EZH2-mediated histone methylation and DNA methylation indicate which involved in the gene silencing machinery implicated in tumor suppressor loss. The authors review the basic molecular biology of EZH2 and the findings of EZH2 in different cancers. And also discuss EZH2 connections to other epigenetic modifying enzymes，as well as the consequences of EZH2 overabundance and its potential roles in tumorigenesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advance in the Study of Activin and Inhibin in Ovarian Neoplasms CHEN Xi;LI Bin 2011, 38 (5):  419-423.  Abstract ( 1510 )   PDF (3461KB) ( 5083 )   Ovarian neoplasms are the most common fatal malignancy of the female reproductive tract tumor and frequently present at an advanced stage. There is，thus，a real need for more sensitive and accurate methods of early diagnosis，including better tumor markers. Studies on the biology of activin，inhibin and the relationships between activin，inhibin and ovarian neoplasms have become the focus of attention. Activin and inhibin are members of the transforming growth factor beta（TGF-β）family of cytokines produced by the gonads，with a recognised role in regulating pituitary FSH secretion. Activins are hetero-or homodimers of the beta-subunits. Inhibin consists of two homologous subunits，inhibin A consists of alpha and beta A. Inhibin B consists of alpha and beta B. This review evaluates the functional and molecular evidence showing the role of activin and inhibin in ovarian turmorigenesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Research Progresses on Predicting the Malignant Transformation of Hydatidiform Mole ZHANG Sha-sha;WAN Xiao-yun 2011, 38 (5):  424-427.  Abstract ( 1865 )   PDF (313KB) ( 4785 )   Gestational trophoblastic disease（GTD）is a group of heterogeneity diseases with different clinical，morphological and biological characteristics. Its common feature lies in trophoblastic abnormality. Although hydatidiform mole is a benign disease of the gestational trophoblastic diseases，it has the potential risk of malignant transformation. At present we are mainly based on closely monitoring the serum human chorionic gonadotropin（hCG）attenuation curve to check the underlying malignant lesion. In recent years，with the development of laboratory diagnostic techniques and detection equipments，there are more and more alterations in genetics，biochemical indicators and sonography reported to predict the malignant transformation of hydatidiform mole，trying to obtain precise and early diagnosis of this situation. This article is aimed to briefly introduce these significant prognostic indicators. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Advancement in Tumor Suppressor Genes of Endometrial Carcinoma ZHANG Jia;WANG Yong-hong 2011, 38 (5):  428-431.  Abstract ( 1889 )   PDF (349KB) ( 4814 )   Endometrial cancer（EC）is one of the most common genital cancers in women worldwide，and the incidence increases year by year. With the development of immunology and molecular biology，there are more and more investigations in molecular mechanism of endometrial cancer，such as oncogenes，tumor suppressor genes，DNA mismatch repair genes，estrogen metabolic enzyme genes，steroid hormone receptor gene，cell cycle regulatory proteins，etc. In this study，the tumor suppressor genes of endometrial carcinoma were summarized，which might play an important role in tumor formation，development，treatment and prognosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Update Research on Therapy of Cervical Neoplasia by 5-aminolevulinic Acid-based Photodynamic Therapy LIN Qian-ru;SUI Long 2011, 38 (5):  432-435.  Abstract ( 2067 )   PDF (280KB) ( 4931 )   Now there is a clear close relationship between persistent human papillomavirus（HPV）infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia（CIN）and cervical cancer. Current therapies for the treatment of CIN may easy to recur，bring damage to normal tissue and even destroy cervix structure affecting fertility. Therefore，we urgently need a new therapy of specific effects and low side-effect. 5-aminolevulinic acid（ALA）is the second-generation of photosensitizer and widely used for photodynamic therapy（PDT）. The mechanism of ALA-PDT is that the production of singlet oxygen kills the targeted cells when ALA is topically used and irradiated. Today，ALA-PDT is applied to treat HPV-related dysplasia like CIN. Compared to traditional treatments，the application has its own superiority. This review aims to give an overview about the current applications in basic research and clinical treatment and provide a basis for further research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Research on Transverse Annular Compression Sutures in the Lower Uterine Segment to Control Postpartum Hemorrhage at Cesarean Delivery for Complete Placenta Previa BAO Yi-rong;YING Hao;HUANG Yi-ying;ZHUANG Jing-yi;WANG De-fen 2011, 38 (5):  436-438.  Abstract ( 3245 )   PDF (229KB) ( 5015 )   Objective：To evaluate the efficacy of transverse annular compression sutures（TACS）in the lower uterine segment in achieving homeostasis to control bleeding during cesarean delivery in women with complete placenta previa（CPP）. Methods：Retrospectively analyze 60 cases who met the inclusion criteria with CPP during 2006，January to 2010，December. All the patients were divided into two groups：subsequent administration of either uterine packing（UP）or TACS. Blood loss，intervention time，and clinical efficacy were compared. Results：①There was no statistic difference between the UP group and the TACS group in gestational age at delivery，birth weight，the proportion of anterior placenta and the incidence of placenta accreta（P＞0.05）. ②No difference was found between the groups in oxytocin dose（P＞0.05）. However，carboprost usage amount was much more in the UP group（P＜0.05）. ③No difference was found between the groups in percentage of ante partum hemorrhage and the blood loss of antepartun. But there was greater blood loss in the UP group compared with the TACS group before the intervention，during the intervention，after the intervention，and throughout the cesarean delivery procedure（P＜0.01）. The percentage and quantity of blood transfused was also significantly higher in the UP group than in the TACS group（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. ④The time taken to perform the uterine packing was significant longer than the time taken to perform TACS（P＜0.05）. The success rates were 91.7% and 97.2% for UP and TACS，respectively（P＞0.05）. ⑤Antibiotics using time and post-operative hospitalization time was significantly shorter in the TACS group than in the UP group（P＜0.01）. Conclusions：TACS appears to be a simple，effective and quick method in achieving homeostasis in women with CPP during cesarean delivery. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of X-irradiation to the Morphology and Function of the Mice Ovary HU Ling-yun;CHEN Ya-qiong 2011, 38 (5):  439-442.  Abstract ( 1585 )   PDF (3461KB) ( 4907 )   Objective：To study the effect of X-irradiation to the morphology and function of the ovary of mice. Methods：The test is grouped by the dose：0，0.2，0.4，0.6，0.8，1.0 Gy. Use HE stain to observe the number of the every grade follicles，immunohistochemical technique to observe the expression of the P53 protein and Bcl-2 protein，TUNEL technique to observe the expression of the apoptotic bodies. Results：With increasing of the dose of X-ray ionizing radiation，the number of the primordial follicles，the primary follicles and the secondary follicles reduces（P＜0.01），the most prominent is primordial follicles，but the antral follicles don’t change significantly（P＞0.05）. When the absorbed dose is 0.2 Gy，the expression of P53 protein and apoptotic bodies in ovarian granulosa cells is lower，however the expression of Bcl-2 protein levels is higher（P＜0.01）. But when absorbed dose is from 0.4 to 1.0 Gy，with increasing of dosage，the expression level of P53 protein and apoptotic bodies in ovarian granulosa cells increase，and the expression level of Bcl-2 protein deseases（P＜0.01）. Conclusions：X-irradiation can reduce the number of the primordial follicles，advance the apoptisis，then affect the regulation of gonadal hormone secretion. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Expression of TGFβ-3，Lamin，Relaxin in the Vaginal Wall and Levator Ani of Rat Model of Stress Urinary Incontinence ZHANG Ying-an;LI Zhao-ai 2011, 38 (5):  443-445.  Abstract ( 1544 )   PDF (441KB) ( 4861 )   Objective：To detect the relationship between mRNA expression of three factors（TGFβ-3，Lamin， Relaxin）with stress urinary incontienece rats model. Methods：Seperately extrat the RNA in Levator ani and Vaginal of stress urinary incontienece rats model and normal rats（8 rats）. Use the RT-PCR method to detect the continence of Levator ani and Vaginal of stress urinary incontienece rats model and normal rats. Results：Compared with SUI rats and nomal rats，TGFβ-3 mRNA expression in levator ani and vagina are significant decreased（P＜0.05）. Lamin mRNA expression in levator ani and vagina are significant decreased（P＜0.05）. Relaxin mRNA expression in levator ani and vagina are significant higher（P＜0.05）. Conclusions：There is close relationship between occurrence of SUI and deficiency of TGFβ-3 and Lamin and increasing of Relaxin. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Importance of Questionnaire in Female Pelvic Organ Prolapse Evaluation HAO Yan-fei;SUN Xiu-li;WANG Jian-liu 2011, 38 (5):  446-448.  Abstract ( 1646 )   PDF (238KB) ( 4886 )   Objective：Compared the similarities and differences in collected questionnaire and retrospective case information of pelvic organ prolapse patients. Methods：One hundred and five patients who consulted in out-patient for POP in Peking University People′s Hospital from November 2009 to April 2010 using the questionnaire interview. The in-patients′ information of the patients who underwent surgery for POP in the same hospital from January 2007 to October 2009 were collected. The information of the above were compared analyzed with SPSS 18.0 software. Results：Compare the questionnaire with the disease history：①The relevant factor of pelvic organ prolapse was similar，such as age，menopause，pregnancy，hypertension，diabetes. It shows the more severe prolapse，the higher frequency of symptoms. ②The prevalence of inpatients symptoms less than outpatients’. Conclusions：Questionaire and retrospective analysis about pelvic organ prolapse-related conditions were similar，but the frequency of common symptoms is different. It suggests clinical doctor should pay more attention to ask the common symptoms for the patients with pelvic organ prolapse. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Significance and Management Strategy with Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance in 216 Cases XIE Wan-ying;ZHANG Li-qin;ZHANG Ying;YUE Tian-fu 2011, 38 (5):  449-451.  Abstract ( 1619 )   PDF (223KB) ( 4895 )   Objective：To explore the clinical significance and management strategy with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Methods：A total of 216 cases involved in this study were out-patients who were diagnosed ASCUS by LCT test and further biopsied under the colposcope from January，2008 to December，2009 in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital. 140 cases of them were combined by HPV-DNA test. Results：①The incidence rate of CIN，high-grade CIN and cervical cancer was 44.44% and 20.37%. ②The average age of high-grade CIN and cervical cancer was（44.57±11.23）years old，which was older than wart（31.56±9.69）years old and low-grade CIN（39.48±12.20）years old（P＜0.05）. ③The highest probility of hr-HPV subtype in ASCUS with high-grade CIN and cervical cancer was HPV16 with percentage of 41.67%. HPV58，18，52 are other common subtypes. ④The relevant ratio of CIN in ASCUS patient with positive HPV-DNA test is 55.56%，which was higher than both immediate colposcope without HPV-DNA test with the ratio of 38.16%（χ2=5.41，P＜0.05）and negative HPV-DNA test with the ratio of 31.25%（χ2=5.83，P＜0.05）. ⑤The Negative Predictive Value of HSIL of HPV test was 93.75%. Conclusions：The pathologic type of ASCUS was complicated. Warts were more xommon in patients younger than 32ys. Patients older than 40ys especially combined with HPV16， 58， 18， 52 infection were supposed to be noticed that whether there were high-grade cervical lesions and cervical cancer. ASCUS patients should take HPV test firstly and positive patients taking colposcope could increase the relevance ratio of CIN. Repeated LCT was feasible for negative HPV patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Angiotensin Inhibitor on the Expression of Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells AT1R， MMP2 and MMP9 OU Jing-hua;YANG Yong-xiu;LIU Mei-yi 2011, 38 (5):  452-454.  Abstract ( 1542 )   PDF (349KB) ( 4749 )   Objective： To study the effect of Angiotensin Ⅱ inhibitors，which is angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor（ACEI）captopril and Ang Ⅱ 1 receptor inhibitor（ARB）valsartan on Ang Ⅱ-induced cervical cancer cell line HeLa AT1R，MMP2，MMP9 protein and gene expression. Methods：Treating cervical cancer HeLa cells alone with Ang Ⅱ，or combined ACEI or ARB. The MTT cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence staining method to detect AT1R，MMP2，MMP9 protein levels，Real-Time RT-PCR method of detection AT1R，MMP2，MMP9 gene relative expression. Results：MTT results showed that Ang Ⅱ had no significant role in promoting cell proliferation，but the ACEI and ARB could inhibit the effect of Ang Ⅱ cervical cancer HeLa cells；immunocytochemistry and Real-Time RT-PCR results showed Ang Ⅱ could significantly increase protein and gene expression of AT1R and MMP2 and MMP9，while ACEI and ARB could inhibit the role of Ang Ⅱ. Conclusions：Ang Ⅱcould promote cervical cancer HeLa cells AT1R，MMP2，MMP9 protein and gene expression，which expression could be Ang Ⅱ inhibitors captopril and valsartan inhibited，Ang Ⅱ inhibitors may be a kind of new control of cervical cancer metastasis and prolong survival in patients with cervical cancer drug. Related Articles | Metrics

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Risk Factors of Early Pregnancy Loss in IVF/ICSI-ET CHEN Nian-nian;LI Yu;WANG Wen-jun;MA Yun;YANG Dong-zi;ZHANG Qing-xue 2011, 38 (5):  455-457.  Abstract ( 2187 )   PDF (218KB) ( 4788 )   Objective：To investigate the rate and correlation risk factors of early pregnancy loss in IVF/ICSI-ET. Methods：Calculated the IVF/ICSI-ET patients between May 2001 to December 2007，five hundred forty-seven cases with pregnancy were enrolled in this study, then divided into pregnancy loss group and ongoing pregnancy group. Their age，weight，pregnancy history，ARTs program，endocrine hormone on Day 3，ignition day，hCG administration day，oocyte retrieval day，and ET day were compared. The etiology of infertility，evaluation of sperm，echo patten and thickness of endometrium on hCG administration day， number of retrieved oocytes and embryo for cryopreservation， score of ET embryo，Serum β-hCG level，number of gestational sac on sonography were analyzed，risk factors were evaluated statistically. Results：The rate of early pregnancy loss in IVF/ICSI-ET is 26.87%，the clinical abortion rate is 16.45%. Anovulation of PCOS，the female age，the number of gestational sac on sonography，have significant difference between pregnancy loss group and ongoing group. Conclusions：The rate of early pregnancy loss in IVF/ICSI-ET is similar with the spontaneous abortion of natural pregnancy. The risk factors of early pregnancy loss in IVF/ICSI-ET may be related with the anovulation of PCOS，women′s age，the number of gestational sac in uterus 4-6 weeks following embryo transfer. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Outcome of in Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer of Women with Advanced Age DENG Bin;LI Yu;WANG Wen-jun;CHEN Xiang-hong;CHEN Yu-zhen;QUE Wen-qing;YANG Dong-zi;ZHANG Qing-xue. 2011, 38 (5):  458-460.  Abstract ( 2003 )   PDF (205KB) ( 4795 )   Objective：To observe the influence of advanced female age on the outcome of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer（IVF-ET）. Methods：Total of 753 IVF-ET cycles of women with age ≥35 years old from July 2001 to July 2009 were analyzed. According to female age，the patients were divided into 4 groups：group A（35-36 years），group B（37-38 years），group C（39-40 years），group D（≥41 years）. Results：The live birth rate of 724 cycles with embryos transferred was 13.3%. With the increasing of age，the number of oocytes retrieved，the implantation rate and the live birth rate significantly decreased（P values were 0.001，0.001 and 0.006，respectively）. The number of oocytes retrieved were 9.8±6.0，8.6±5.4，6.7±4.3 and 5.3±4.4，respectively. The implantation rates were 17.9%，12.8%，10.0% and 4.3%，respectively. The live birth rates were 16.7%，13.3%，12.4% and 2.3%，respectively. No live birth was obtained by 45 women aged ≥43 years. Conclusions：With the age increases，the implantation rate and live birth rate of IVF-ET decrease significantly which is more obvious when the age older than 40 years. Advanced researches are needed to determine the upper limit of age for IVF. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Retrospective Study of the Outcomes of Repeated IVF-ET Cycles JIAO Xue-dan;LI Yu;WANG Wen-jun;MA Yun;CHEN Xiang-hong;YANG Dong-zi;ZHANG Qing-xue 2011, 38 (5):  461-464.  Abstract ( 1463 )   PDF (240KB) ( 4718 )   Objective：To study the pregnancy and delivery rates of repeated IVF-ET cycles，and explore factors associated with pregnant outcome of repeated cycles. Methods：1 746 cycles of oocyte retrieval（128 repeated cycles）were retrospectively analyzed in our reproductive center from 2008.1 to 2009.10. Among the women who had no pregnancy in cycle 1 and cycle 2，there are 68 patients were still not pregnant in cycle 3（group A），and 37 patients got pregnancy in cycle 3（group B）. The factors of cycle 1 and cycle 2 were compared between group A and group B. Results：Clinical pregnancy and live-birth rates for cycle 1，2，3，4 and ≥5 were 35.5% and 34.3%，25.6% and 22.7%，23.4% and 14.0%，15.0% and 12.5%，22.7% and 15.0% respectively（P＜0.001）. The clinical pregnancy rates decreased significantly from cycle 1 to cycle 2（P＜0.05），and the live-birth rates decreased significantly from cycle 1 to cycle 2，3 and 4（P＜0.05），but there was no significant decline in clinical pregnancy and live-birth rates within cycle 2，3，4 and ≥5. It is shown in logistic model that age， primary or secondary infertility， and number of good quality embryo are significant in both cycle 1 and cycle 2. Conclusions：The outcome of the first IVF-ET cycle is better than followed cycles，but the clinical pregnancy and live-birth rates of following IVF-ET cycles were similar. Among patients who did not get pregnancy in cycle 1 and 2，younger，secondary infertility women with more good quality embryos may more likely achieve a desired outcome in cycle 3. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Ovarian Stimulation with Low-Dose hCG Combined with HMG on Infertility Patients with Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism FU Yong-lun;KUANG Yan-ping 2011, 38 (5):  465-467.  Abstract ( 1799 )   PDF (214KB) ( 4799 )   Objective：To investigate the effect of ovarian stimulation with low-dose hCG combined with HMG on infertility patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Mehtods：Five infertility patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were undergone ovarian stimulation with 50 IU hCG combined with HMG. Vaginal ultrasound-B，serum sexual hormone were used to monitor determine follicular development. Results：Four infertility patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were undergone ovulation induction with six cycles，the mean number of ovulation was 2.6±1.5，ovulation rate was 100%，cumulating pregnancy rate was 100%. No moderate and severe OHSS occurred. No patients were undergone with surplus follicle aspiration or switched to IVF-ET. No patients were with high order multiple pregnancies. One patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was undergone controlled ovarian hyperstimulation（COH） for one cycle，7 follicles were undergone aspiration，5 oocytes were harvested. After insemination，3 zygotes formed，and cleaved into 2 good-quality embryos. With embryo-transfer， one embryo was found in uterine cavity，one in tube. After surgery，the patient delivered one infant finally. Conclusions：Low-dose hCG combined with HMG could be safely and effectively used to ovarian stimulation on infertility patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism，and could improve the results of ovarian stimulation. Related Articles | Metrics