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15 August 2011, Volume 38 Issue 4
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Translational Medicine in Improving Endometriosis Researches LANG Jing-he 2011, 38 (4):  261-262.  Abstract ( 2549 )   PDF (213KB) ( 5645 )   Endometriosis（EMs） typically affects women of reproductive age. The underlining mechanisms of EM are not fully disclosed and treatment regimens do not provide satisfactory effects. Eutopic endometrium， stem cells and archimetra have been highly recognized in explaining the development of endometriosis， which also have great contributions to disease diagnosis， therapy development and preventive measures both theoretically and practically. New concepts such as“source of diagnosing”and“source of healing”are introduced into diagnosis and management of EM， epidemiology researches are possible with the help of bioassays， these all suggest an important role of translational medicine in optimizing EM researches. Related Articles | Metrics

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Endometriosis and Cell Migration GUO Xiao-yan;WU Rui-jin;LIN Jun 2011, 38 (4):  263-266.  Abstract ( 1820 )   PDF (273KB) ( 5121 )   Endometriosis（EMs）, a commmom gynecological disease, has still an undetermined etiology. How to prevent EMs is one of the hot topics of intensive interest. Endometrial cell migration is the fundamental stage of the EMs pathological process. Regulation of cell migration may affect the ability of endometrial tissue to implant, grow and survive. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanism of endometrial cell migration in physiological and pathological processes. In this review，difference in cell migration between woman with and without endometriosis and its possible molecular mechanism will be discussed, which may provide new thoughts for EMs prevention. Related Articles | Metrics

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Toll-like Receptors and Endometrium and Endometriosis ZHANG Jun-hua;XU Jian 2011, 38 (4):  267-270.  Abstract ( 1604 )   PDF (242KB) ( 4895 )   Endometriosis′s pathogenesis remains elusive. A number of papers have already demonstrated that the occurrence of endometriosis is closely related to the aberrant of the immunologic response system of organism. The deregulation of immune response in endometriosis is characterised by increased number of activated macrophages and their secreted products, such as growth factors, cytokines, and angiogenic factors. Toll-like receptors（TLRs）recognize specific pathogen associated molecular patterns and serve an essential role in the innate immune system by initiating and directing immune response to microbial pathogens. Recent studies have shown the physiological role of TLRs in the normal endometrium and the relationship between TLRs and endometriosis. Further studies may provide more insight into the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic indicator of endometriosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dendritic Cells and Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis FENG Di-lu;WANG Hong-bo 2011, 38 (4):  271-274.  Abstract ( 1744 )   PDF (243KB) ( 4873 )   Immune system alteration plays a central role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis（EMs）. Dendritic cells（DCs），one of the most important immune cells in the immune system， are key antigen-presenting cells （APC），which can bridge innate and adaptive immunity to help initiate immune response. The alteration of DCs population and function contribute to the abnormal immunity and defective immune surveillance mechanism， which lead to the development of ectopic endometrial cells. The role DCs play in the pathogenesis of EMs was summarized in this review. The alteration of DCs population was found either in ectopic lesion or in eutopic endometrium and peritoneal fluid. The function of DCs， besides antigen-presenting， promoting angiogenesis and supporting the growth of nerve fiber were reported by literatures. In words， alterations in DCs play a significant role in the immunotolerance and the development of ectopic lesions，so the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in endometriosis is need to be an in-depth understanding， which may provide a potential therapeutic approach for endometriosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of Drug Therapy After Conservative Surgery with Endometriosis CHEN Chao;ZHAO Ai-min;LIU Wei 2011, 38 (4):  275-278.  Abstract ( 1553 )   PDF (286KB) ( 4977 )   Endometriosis（EMs） is a common disease of reproductive-age women. For the high rate of recurrence after conservative surgery, postoperative medication is necessary. The current postoperative medication is various, the currently available agents are not curative, and treatment often needs to be continued for years. Oral contraceptives and progesterone, because of its economic, convenient, less side effects, should be considered as first-line options for post-operative use. Long-term administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues is expensive, on account of its side effects, its advantage is not obvious, therefore GnRHa is considered as second-line medications with danazol, gestrinone and so on. The levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine systems are particularly suitable for adenomyosis patients. And immunological regulators and gene targeting treatment are new ways for treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of the Treatment on Ureteral Endometriosis DAI Yu-xin;ZHU Lan 2011, 38 (4):  279-280.  Abstract ( 2125 )   PDF (184KB) ( 4864 )   Ureteral endometriosis is a rare entity and rather difficult to diagnose due to the frequent lack of signs or symptoms， which may lead to hydronephrosis and impaired renal function. The treatment is aiming at removing all endometriosis lesions， relieving obstruction， preserving renal function and preventing recurrence. Surgical approaches are first-line therapy in the management of ureteral endometriosis， accompanied with perioperative hormone medical treatment. The optimum management protocol for the condition remains unanswered. Laparoscopic approach is suggested to manage ureteral endometriosis in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Study of Individualized Treatment of Triptorelin in Endometriosis LI Zheng;YUE Tian-fu 2011, 38 (4):  281-284.  Abstract ( 2337 )   PDF (288KB) ( 4851 )   Objective: To study the necessarity of individualized treatment of Triptorelin （trade name Diphereline） in the patients with endometriosis. Methods: A prospective clinical study involving 31 patients who underwent chocolate cystectomy. These patients were administered Triptorelin 3.75 mg for 3 to 6 times, 28 days apart. We evaluated the symptoms of genital bleeding and hot flashes during Triptorelin treatment, as well as the levels of serum FSH, LH and estradiol at the first and third weekend after the start of treatment. Results: We divided all the patients into 2 groups according to the genital bleeding（i.e. the group of menstruation-like bleeding and the group of abnormal genital bleeding）. Statistically difference of estradiol was found in the first weekend after the treatment between the 2 groups（Z=2.612, P＝0.009）. The estradiol was positively correlated to the days of genital bleeding （rs=0.587, P＜0.05）. According to the severe hot flashes we divided the patients into 2 groups and found that the serum FSH and FSH/LH ratio was statistically difference in the 3 weekend after treatment（Z=2.247, P＝0.025; Z=2.201, P＝0.028）. The serum FSH and FSH/LH ratio were inversely correlated to the degree of hot flashes（rs=-0.541, rs=-0.588, P＜0.05）. Conclusions: These differences in the endocrinological changes in response to Triptorelin might be derived from the patient′s individual difference. The estradiol at the first weekend after the start of Triptorelin treatment can predict the abnormal genital bleeding. The serum FSH and FSH/LH ratio at the third weekend after the start of Triptorelin treatment can predict the degree of hot flashes and help us to choice the best treatment plan. Related Articles | Metrics

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Significance and Rationale About Surgery in Primary Treatment for Ovarian Carcinoma CUI Heng;LI Yi 2011, 38 (4):  285-288.  Abstract ( 1429 )   PDF (245KB) ( 4895 )   Primary treatment is the most crucial survival factor for ovarian carcinoma. Laparotomy comprehensive staging surgery is the standard surgey if clinical stage 1 is considered. Surgical staging procedure should be taken before chemotherapy if an incomplete previous surgery was done. Optimal cytoreductive surgery is suggested to perform in higher level gynecologic oncology center if possible for clinical stage II,III, or IV. Pay more attention to procedures include upper abdominal area. Consider neoadjuvant chemotherapy /primary interval cytoreduction for patients with bulky stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ who are not surgical candidates. Or consider completion surgery after 3-6 cycles followed by postoperative chemotherapy for some selective patients with sub-optimal surgey. Indications for interval cytoreduction need to be definite. Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnosis and Treatment for Uterine Sarcoma and Prognosis Relative Factors MI Ruo-ran 2011, 38 (4):  289-292.  Abstract ( 1935 )   PDF (208KB) ( 4844 )   Uterine sarcomas are rare malignant tumor. The rate of preoperative diagnosis in uterine sarcoma is very low because of their lack of specific clinical features. The histopathologic classification is very complex and includes uterine leiomyosarcoma， carcinosarcoma， endometrial stromal sarcoma and unclassified sarcoma. In recent years， the great progress has been made， especially on the aspects of pathologic features， clinicopathologic stage， management and prognosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Correlation Between AMPK and Ovarian Neoplasms ZHANG Yi-xin;LI Bin 2011, 38 (4):  293-296.  Abstract ( 1440 )   PDF (226KB) ( 4824 )   AMP-activated protein kinase（AMPK）， a significant protein kinase extensive distribution in whole body′s tissues and organs, plays a key role in the regulation of metabolism. Both the Ser172, which is a point on AMPK, and the phosphorylation on it are very important to the regulation of activation of AMPK. The researches of the correlation between AMPK and tumor which gradually go in-depth in recent years—show that AMPK can be activated by many signaling. The activations of AMPK and its upstream kinases, such as LKB1, CaMKK, TAK1 and Akt/PKB, probably have the complex regulatory function in inhibiting the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, which is expected to be the new target in chemotherapy treatments of ovarian cancer. This review will summarize the new discoveries on AMPK in ovarian neoplasms. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Value of CA125 and D-dimer with Ovarian Cancer LIU Kan;ZHANG Hong 2011, 38 (4):  297-301.  Abstract ( 2225 )   PDF (217KB) ( 4887 )   Ovarian cancer is the third common cause of cancer-related mortality among women, but it is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancers. More than 70% of the women are diagnosed at late stage disease. The reason for this is that the tumor, which develops from the ovarians located in the peritoneal cavity, may grow quite large and metastasize before it is diagnosed because of lack of symptoms. Moreover, it has a high recurrence rate even with optimal cytoreductive surgery and effective chemotherapy. So the 5-year overall survival rate for women diagnosed with late stage disease is only about 30%. Early diagnosis, effective treatment and reduce the recurrence of ovarian cancer have important impacts on prognosis. Researchers dedicated to finding indicators, such as CA125, D-dimer, which can be used in early diagnosis of ovarian cancer, treatment response monitoring and prognosis. In this paper, CA125 and D-dimer in the value of ovarian cancer start review. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Early Screen and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer HU Ling-yun;LI Ya-li 2011, 38 (4):  302-305.  Abstract ( 1537 )   PDF (248KB) ( 4865 )   Perimenopause is the age of high incidence of ovarian cancer， because there are no obvious symptoms in early stage and lack of effective early diagnostic tool，mortality is the highest in the gynecological cancers. Gene chips，proteomics and immunohistochemical tecnology and other research methods have become research hotspot in early diagnosis of ovarian cancer，but there is no definite conclusion. Therefore，we need to define a new systematic， highly sensitive and specific method in early diagnosis of ovarian cancer，and screening of early ovarian cancer in the population，so that can early diagnosis and treatment，then further improve the quality of life of patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advancement in Hormone Therapy of Ovarian Cancer GUO Fei;CHENG Wei;XUE Feng-xia;LI Dong-yun 2011, 38 (4):  306-310.  Abstract ( 2017 )   PDF (288KB) ( 4806 )   Ovarian cancer is one of gynecological malignant tumors which can result in a high mortality. Although many hypotheses have been introduced，such as incessant ovulation，inflammation hypothesis，stroma hypothesis， gonadotropic hormone hypothesis，androgen/progestin hypothesis，the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is unclear. The early diagnosis of ovarian cancer is very difficult，and approximate 70% tumors are at advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. About 75% tumors will relapse after one stage of treatment，and the prognosis is poor. The remedial chemotherapy for recurrent ovarian cancer has limited effects. Epidemiology study and experiments in vivo and vitro have already demonstrated that the steroid hormone released from hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis could promote or inhibit the progression of ovarian cancer. Hormonotherapy has certain curative effects and only some slight side effects.This article will focus on the association between hormone （gonadotropin releasing hormone，gonadotrophin，androgen，progestin and estrogen）and their receptors and ovarian cancer，and the current situation of hormonotherapy for recurrent ovarian cancer. Related Articles | Metrics

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Epigenetic Alterations in Cervical Carcinogenesis XING Jie;LI Yang;LU Wei-guo;XIE Xing 2011, 38 (4):  311-315.  Abstract ( 1525 )   PDF (3010KB) ( 4837 )   Epigenetics is defined as the study of inherited changes in phenotype or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. During cervical carcinogenesis, cancer-associated epigenetic alterations can affect the expression of HPV oncogenes. Additionally, it can control the overexpression of oncogene and underexpression of tumor-suppressor genes. Recent researches have proved that the abnormal interaction miRNAs and epigenetics definitively linked to HPV associated cervical cancer. Aberrant epigenetics are involved in silencing of tumor-suppressor miRNAs in carcinogenesis. On the other hand, miRNAs can improve the repair of viral DNA and silence tumor-suppressor genes by regulating DNA methylation or histone modifications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Reviews on Aquaporins and Its Relationship with Endometrial Cancer MU Tian;WANG Jian-liu 2011, 38 (4):  316-319.  Abstract ( 1321 )   PDF (370KB) ( 4821 )   The aquaporins are family of small membrane-spanning proteins which have high permeability for water molecule that are expressed at plasma membranes in many cells types involved in fluid transprot. Endometrial cancer is the highest incidence of gynecological malignant tumor， and the endometrial adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type. Long-term estrogen stimulation is one of the causes of the cancer. But the molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. AQPs can promote cell growth， angiogenesis， and cell migration, potentially facilitating tumor growth and metastasis. AQPs were overexpressed in endometrial cancer and have certein relationship with the clinicopathological features. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Research Progress of Hyposia-inducible Factor-1alpha, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptor KDR in Gynecology Tumors ZHANG Cheng-yan;WANG Zhe-mei;DONG Jian-chun 2011, 38 (4):  320-323.  Abstract ( 1695 )   PDF (226KB) ( 4828 )   Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha（HIF-1α） is a major transcription factor that widely exists in mammal and human body in case of hypoxia. HIF-1α activates target genes to transcript and makes the organisms to adapt the hypoxic microenvionment. Also it plays key roles in tumor angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF） is an important target gene of HIF-1α and the receptor KDR is a crucial receptor of VEGF. In recent years a large amount of studies indicate that HIF-1α, VEGF, KDR proteins in a variety of tumors shows high expression and positively associated with each other. Here we make a review of HIF-1α, VEGF, KDR for their molecular biology, their functions in tumor functions and the reseach progress in gynecological tumors. Related Articles | Metrics

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SULT Family and Gynecological Tumors GUAN Rui;ZHENG Wei-qiang 2011, 38 (4):  324-327.  Abstract ( 1481 )   PDF (304KB) ( 4894 )   Sulfonation is an important reaction in the metabolism of numerous exogenous and endogenous compounds. A supergene family of enzymes called sulfotransferases（SULTs）catalyze this reaction. In humans four SULT families，SULT1，SULT2，SULT4 and SULT6，have been identified that containning at least thirteen distinct members. Part of the SULT family members involved in metabolism of sex hormones sulfation. Research indicated abnormal SULT1A1 and SULT1E1 gene expression in uterine fibroids,endometrial cancer and other gynecological tumors and recent studies have begun to suggest roles of SULT1A1 and SULT1E1 polymorphism acting in gynecological tumors susceptibility. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Studies of Apoptosis Effect and Its Mechanisms of Tanshinone IIA on Human Ovarian Cancer Cell SKOV3 ZHUANG Ying-ying;WANG Hai-lin;DU Rui-ting;ZHANG Chao 2011, 38 (4):  328-331.  Abstract ( 1474 )   PDF (3217KB) ( 4836 )   Objective：To investigate the inhibition function of Tanshinone IIA which extracts from Tanshinone on human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cell growth，and detect the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF in control group and the experimental group，then explore it’s mechanism. Methods：SKOV3 cell was cultured in vitro and divided into 2 groups randomly， the experimental groups were treated by Tan IIA with different dose. Inverted microscope was used to detect apoptosis. The proliferation inhibition was examined by MTT assay，and cell cycles and apoptosis were examined by flow cytometry（FCM） .RT-PCR and immunocytochemical method were used to detect the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF. Results：Tan IIA could introduce apoptosis in human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cell， and the effect paralleled with time and the concentration of drug， acted as a time-dose-dependent manner.FCM show that after treated by Tan IIA for 24、48、72 h， the apoptotic rate increased . RT-PCR and immunocytochemical method detected the protein and mRNA expression of MMP-2 and VEGF declined in experimental group， and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.05）. Conclusions： Tan IIA can significantly inhibit the proliferation of human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells and induce the cell apoptosis. Declining the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF might be the mechanism that Tan IIA induced apoptosis in human ovarian SKOV3 cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of FHIT， HPV16E6 and Its Correlation with Cervical Squamous Carcinoma LI Hui-xin;LI Min;WANG Xiao-jiao 2011, 38 (4):  332-334.  Abstract ( 1619 )   PDF (2954KB) ( 4846 )   Objective: To study tumor suppressor gene——fragile histidine triad（FHIT）， human papillomavirus16E6（HPV16E6） expression and their significance in cervical squamous carcinomas（CSC）. To study the correlation between FHIT， HPV16E6 in CSC. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining for FHIT， HPV16E6 were performed by SP methods in 40 cases of CSC， 30 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias（CIN）， and 30 cases of normal cervical epithelium. Results: The express of FHIT in 96.7% of normal cervical epithelium， 66.7% of CIN and 30.0% of the CSC， FHIT expression showed significant statistical difference（χ2=43.595， P＜0.001）. The expression of FHIT in the degree of differentiation and clinic stages of CSC indicates no statistical difference （χ2=3.378， χ2=3.315， P＞0.05）. The expression of HPV16E6 in 13.3% of normal cervical epithelium， 53.3% of CINs， and 82.5% of the CSC， HPV16E6 expression showed significant statistical difference（χ2=32.538， P＜0.001）. The expression of HPV16E6 in the degree of differentiation and clinic stages of CSC were observed no statistical difference （χ2=0.231， χ2=1.399， P＞0.05）. Conclusions: The FHIT gene expression deletion and the high detection rate of HPV16E6 in the CSC indicate that these two factors play an important role in the CSC development mechanism. The infection of HPV16-E6 and the FHIT gene deletion might be the one of the CSC pathogenesises（or might be the causes of CSC）. The results of this study that FHIT gene and HPV16E6 biological effects on CSC development and their interaction in CSC could help reveal the pathogenesis of CSC. These two factors could be the potential CSC clinical diagnosis indicator and useful in CSC precaution and gene therapy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Analysis on 220 Cases of Treatment of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia CUI Li-yang;ZHAO Shu-wang 2011, 38 (4):  335-338.  Abstract ( 1997 )   PDF (240KB) ( 4849 )   Objective: To discuss the different treatment and prognosis of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. Methods: 220 cases of CIN selected by cervical cancer screening were chosen, which were divided into simple follow-up group and treatment group. The simple follow-up group has 116 cases of CIN I and the treatment group has 53 cases of CIN1, 37cases of CINⅡ, 14 cases of CINⅢ. Physical therapy in 50 patients, cervical conization method in 25 cases, LEEP in 20 cases, hysterectomy in 9 cases. All patients were followed for 2 years. Results: At 6, 12, 24 month, simple follow-up group on the natural negative CINI were respectively 29.31%（34/116）, 55.14%（59/107）, 83.51%（81/97）; sustained rate of disease were respectively 69.83%（81/116）, 43.92%（47/107）, 14.43%（14/97）; the first 24 months of simple follow-up group of high-risk HPV negative rate were 27.45%（14/51）, negative rate of low-risk HPV were 47.06%（24/51）, cases of progress were all high-risk HPV-positive. In CIN I treatment group and CIN Ⅱ physical therapy the recurrence rate within 1 year were 4.88%（2/41）and 22.2%（2/9）; CIN Ⅱ and CIN Ⅲ cervical cone biopsy or LEEP patients had no recurrence. At present all patients are continued to follow-up. Conclusions: Most CIN I will fade and HPV naturally clear, but HPV-positive patients should be wary of continuing their progress to a high degree of CIN. Follow-up patients who were satisfactory colposcopy, small lesion, voluntary acceptance. CIN Ⅱ and CIN Ⅲ should be used in the treatment of cervical cone biopsy or LEEP, but CIN Ⅲ requires long-term follow. High grade level lesions of the cervix is not recommended to treat by physical therapy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Possible Mechanisms Involved in the Developmental Programming of Adulthood Disease WANG Yan-ping;CHEN Xu 2011, 38 (4):  343-346.  Abstract ( 1456 )   PDF (288KB) ( 4842 )   There are many instances in life when the environment plays a critical role in the health outcomes of an individual， especially those experienced in fetal and neonatal life. The most detrimental environmental problems encountered during this critical growth period are changes in nutrition to the growing fetus and newborn. Disturbances in the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus can not only lead to adverse fetal growth patterns，but also be associated with the development of features of metabolic syndrome in adult life. This fetal response has been termed developmental programming or the developmental origins of health and disease. The present review focuses on the epidemiological studies that identified this association and the importance that animal models have played in studying this concept. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Congnition and Intervention Strategies in High Risk of Prenatal Screening QIU Jie;MA Jing;Fang Hong;YANG Xiao-hua 2011, 38 (4):  347-350.  Abstract ( 1495 )   PDF (272KB) ( 4822 )   Prenatal screening is the secondary prevention which aims to prevent birth-defect，thus a routine prenatal screening programme is necessary for pregnant women. The prenatal screening programme includes serological screening for Down′s syndrome and NTD during the 1st and 2nd trimester，molecular biology screening and diagnosis for thalassemia disease，and prenatal sonographic diagnosis of any defects in fetus′ body surface，organs and skeleton as well as congenital diseases to identify the high-risk population. The screening programme is based on genetic factors to select the optimal period for prenatal diagnosis in order to enhance the detection rate for congenital defect and genetic disorder， strengthen the quality control and management of high-risk population，and develop predictive clinical intervention for adverse pregnancy outcomes. The ultimate goal of prenatal screening programme is to reduce birth- defect rate and to improve population′s quality. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advanced Study of Cesarean Section Scar Pregnancy ZHANG Guo-mei;MI Ruo-ran;DU Xue 2011, 38 (4):  351-353.  Abstract ( 1417 )   PDF (236KB) ( 4830 )   Cesarean section scar pregnancy（CSP） is a rare but serious complication. The incidence of Cesarean Section is increasing year after year. CSP occurs in women with previous uterine scar when implantation takes place at the site of this scar. CSP is also one of these possible complications that may lead to rupture of the uterus，bleeding and may endanger the woman’s life and even her fertility are at risk. Early diagnosis is possible with high level of suspicion and with the aid of high quality ultrasound scanning. The therapy includes： MTX treatment locally or systematically， dilation and curettage， laparoscopy， Hysteroscopy， uterine artery embolism， and hysterectomy. Different patient needs appropriate treatment. If treated appropriately，the prognosis may be fairly good. Here is a review of the advanced study of CSP. Related Articles | Metrics

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Perioperative Management in Gynecological Patients Receiving Oral Anticoagulation Therapy SUN Juan;SHI Hui-rong 2011, 38 (4):  354-357.  Abstract ( 1499 )   PDF (228KB) ( 4771 )   Oral anticoagulation medicine may cause women with heavy menstrual bleeding and changing their blood system，and with the characteristics of gynecology and gynecological surgery，it is a difficult clinical problem in gynecological surgery.When there is an operation，the doctor should balance individual risk for thromboembolism and bleeding. How to use anticoagulator and to select proper time is crucial to successful. Therefore，it is important and clinical significance in preoperative evaluation and perioperative management in gynecological surgery. This article discussed the application of the anticoagulant therapy in the gynecological clinical treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Research Progress in Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome LI Zhao;HUA Ling 2011, 38 (4):  358-363.  Abstract ( 1591 )   PDF (290KB) ( 4984 )   With the morbidity of 5%~10% in premenopausal women，polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） is an exceptionally commen disorder . Its features are chronic anovulation or few ovulations，polycystic ovaries increase in size and hyperandrogenism. In addition，it is also characterized by insulin resistance （IR） and β-cell dysfunction. The conception rate of patients with PCOS is fallen，and patient’s prevalence rate of spontaneous abortion during pregnancy and gestational diabetes is higher than the normal persons.Besides，these patients are at higer risk of suffering from endometrial carcinoma .Some result from several recent studies，showed that patient’s incidence of metabolic syndrome （MS） was increased. Metabolic syndrome has a significant relationship with cardiovascular diseases and IR. At present，many scholars have made extensive researches on the impact of IR and PCOS，pointing out that it is effective to improve PCOS patients’endocrine condition and their reproduction by ameliorate their insulin resistance. Lifestyle adjustment can be a efficient measure to achieve this aim，besides，oral hypoglycemic agents can also be an effective method to treat the insulin resistance in PCOS. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Development of Study on Relationship Between Visfatin and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome WANG Xiao-han;YU Xin-yan;LI Hua 2011, 38 (4):  364-367.  Abstract ( 1984 )   PDF (250KB) ( 4873 )   Visfatin is a newly discovered novel adipocytokine, that mainly distributions in the fat cells of the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It can regulate the differentiation and adipogenic effect of visceral fat cells and insulin sensitivity. It has been confirmed that ovarian granulosa cells secrete visfatin, which can be affected by certain hormones. Polycystic ovary syndrome is an endocrine and metabolic disorders that seriously impacts on female reproductive. Its main clinical features are insulin resistance, over-weight and the reproductive endocrine and metabolic abnormalities. That makes visfatin closely linked to the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Related researches between visfatin and polycystic ovary syndrome are summarized as following. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Spirolactone in Patients with Premenstrual Syndrome HUANG Wei-xiang;MAI Min 2011, 38 (4):  368-370.  Abstract ( 1463 )   PDF (290KB) ( 4838 )   Objective: To evaluate the effect of spirolactone on patients with premenstrual syndrome （PMS）. Methods: A total of 60 subjects were randomly divided into the spirolactone（treatment）and vitamin B6（control）, with 30 subjects in each group. Scale of SAS and SDS were used to evaluate the severity of the anxiety and depression. Plasma aldosterone, sodion, potassiumion and 24 hrs urine volumes were measured to compare the degree of fluid retention. Results: There was no significant difference of all the indexes between the two groups before treatment. SAS score in the spirolactone group was significantly lower than that in the control group after the treatment（P ＜0.05）, but not for the SDS score. There was significant difference of plasma aldosterone，sodion, and urine volume, between the two groups after treatment（P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01）. There was no significant difference of the change of plasma potassium level between the two groups. Conclusions: Spirolactone was more effective in improvement of the anxiety and water-sodium retention for PMS than that of vitamin B6. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Compare of Ultrastructural in Common and Cellular of Uterine Leiomyoma HE Guo-li;XIE Yao-yun;WU Xiu-rong 2011, 38 (4):  371-372.  Abstract ( 1527 )   PDF (180KB) ( 4822 )   Objective：To inquire into the diagnostic value of electronic microscope in cellular uterine leiomyoma. Methods：To select tissue specimen of common leiomyoma（n=10）and cellular leiomyoma（n=11），which diagnosed by optical microscope，and to observe by electronic microscope separately. Results：The myofilaments，dense bodies and dense spots were very abundant in cytoplasm both of them，but in cellular leiomyoma，the arrange of cell was disorder and the shape of cell was unregular. The mitochondria，rough endoplasmic reticulum， cytolysosomes，golgiosomes in cytoplasm were increase obviously. The nucleolus was big and atypia. There were false inclusions in nucleolus. Conclusions：The ultrastructures were different between cellular and common leiomyoma. The metabolism of cellular leiomyoma was brisk and lack differentiation to a certain degree. Related Articles | Metrics